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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII

 
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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 7:56:41 PM   
John Lansford

 

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The South Dakotas had probably the best mix of speed, armor and firepower of any battleship ever built.  The Iowas sacrificed some armor for the ability to steam 33+ knots; the SoDaks made do with their 27 knot maximum but had thicker and better placed armor, plus the same number of big guns.  Getting six more knots but at the cost of thinner armor and 20,000+ more tons displacement isn't all that good a tradeoff.

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 8:00:29 PM   
mdiehl

 

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quote:

I think you have chosen two specific ships for emotional attachment rather than best classes.


It's not my habit to allow emotions to affect critical analysis.

SoDak class over Iowas because in my view the Sodaks were pound for pound better. That's not a knock against Iowas, it's merely acknowledgement that the SoDaks could hold their own in any conceivable engagement, even against ships that displaced substantially more. The Iowas were better BBs still. But the SoDaks were almost as good as the Iowas, and that is a singular design achievement for a treaty-compliant BB.

Enterprise but I suppose could have said Yorktown class. In my view they performed better under heavy damage than the Essex class. Essexes were better designed in re command and control facilities of course.


< Message edited by mdiehl -- 4/27/2009 8:02:00 PM >


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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 8:00:46 PM   
JWE

 

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quote:

ORIGINAL: Tiornu
I don't understand that claim. I agree that the Type XXI was revolutionary, but there's no combat experience to gauge how successful the boats would have been. They may even have been the best subs of the war, but as mdiehl has noted, it's easy to get overly enthusiastic. Isn't anyone concerned about housing the hydraulics outside the pressure hull? What are the results even if the depth charges are not very close?

The question was, what was the best design. Not what was the best this or that. Don't recall making a claim, I gave my opinion, and the reasons therefor. I think most people will understand where I'm coming from, even if you don't.

If you don't like it, post your own opinion.

< Message edited by JWE -- 4/27/2009 8:06:25 PM >


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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 8:05:18 PM   
witpqs


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@John Lansford:

They also had the 16"/50's instead of the 16"/45's. How much more stable a gun platform were they?

I'm not an expert on the differences among the US WWII BB classes, but I know the Iowas were regarded as meaningful improvement on the previous classes. I'm skeptical of just pulling some stuff out of the stats like armor vs speed.

< Message edited by witpqs -- 4/27/2009 8:06:06 PM >

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 8:12:17 PM   
witpqs


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quote:

ORIGINAL: JWE

quote:

ORIGINAL: Tiornu
I don't understand that claim. I agree that the Type XXI was revolutionary, but there's no combat experience to gauge how successful the boats would have been. They may even have been the best subs of the war, but as mdiehl has noted, it's easy to get overly enthusiastic. Isn't anyone concerned about housing the hydraulics outside the pressure hull? What are the results even if the depth charges are not very close?

The question was, what was the best design. Not what was the best this or that. Don't recall making a claim, I gave my opinion, and the reasons therefor. I think most people will understand where I'm coming from, even if you don't.

If you don't like it, post your own opinion.


I lean toward the Type XXI as well, but admittedly I have less knowledge to base my opinion on. Regarding combat, yes the XXI had nearly zero experience to go on. Still, IIRC they maneuvered to firing - let's call it 'sure kill' - position without even being detected on a couple of occasions at war's end. Didn't fire because they had been ordered not to engage allied shipping. This might give a hint at the answer to your question - they might have been so much less likely to be effectively engaged by depth charges that the weaknesses were worth it.

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 8:19:35 PM   
witpqs


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quote:

ORIGINAL: mdiehl

quote:

I think you have chosen two specific ships for emotional attachment rather than best classes.


It's not my habit to allow emotions to affect critical analysis.

SoDak class over Iowas because in my view the Sodaks were pound for pound better. That's not a knock against Iowas, it's merely acknowledgement that the SoDaks could hold their own in any conceivable engagement, even against ships that displaced substantially more. The Iowas were better BBs still. But the SoDaks were almost as good as the Iowas, and that is a singular design achievement for a treaty-compliant BB.

Enterprise but I suppose could have said Yorktown class. In my view they performed better under heavy damage than the Essex class. Essexes were better designed in re command and control facilities of course.



Understand your reasoning. I would go with the Iowas over the SD's because they were still a WWII design. The Yorky's over Essex - nah. I think the Essex's held up well under damage and (IIRC) had better handling for the A/C (not just flight ops). I know size was an issue but it's my understanding that they learned from the Yorktown design, too.

Must also go back to what John (JWE) said in that with these designs the difference is really just matter of degree.

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 8:23:06 PM   
Anthropoid


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Wow, never knew about this thread . . . What amazes me, as a social scientist without a lot of expertise in naval design or the actual history is what appears to be a more or less _total_ lack of consensus among you guys!  A bunch of very smart, very knowledgeable fanboys of the period!? That in itself is interesting.

Let me make a suggestion, define "best design" in some measurable, testable way?

For example: (1) enemy losses inflicted per dollar cost or /operating costs (including crew) etc.
(2) survivability divided by mission effectiveness (ala Terminus' point about RN CVs not carrying enough planes)?
(3) strategic impact?

Thinking in terms of (1), I would guess that the earlier German U-boats sank pound-for-pound more than any other class? Sure there may have been more cool or advanced designs later in the war, but if there is not real proof of being 'best' how can you objectively say as much . . . not to say having a 'favorite' design is invalid, but not exactly the same thing as 'best design.'

In terms of (2) weren't American CVs pretty legendary? In fact, weren't most US ships pretty well off in terms of survivability as a result of damage control?

For (3) what about the "Liberty" ships? They were cheap, and did the job well!

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 8:26:59 PM   
Terminus


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I think a very important aspect of the design of any weapons system is how easily it can be produced in meaningful numbers. On that account, the Type XXI was not particularly impressive.

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 8:34:38 PM   
witpqs


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quote:

ORIGINAL: Terminus

I think a very important aspect of the design of any weapons system is how easily it can be produced in meaningful numbers. On that account, the Type XXI was not particularly impressive.


But it was a later design. So the lack of time to make those production refinements has to be looked at in the same light as the lack of time for combat experience and, in the case of other ship designs, outright differences in combat experience due to opportunity.

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 8:36:22 PM   
witpqs


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quote:

ORIGINAL: Anthropoid

Let me make a suggestion, define "best design" in some measurable, testable way?



Takes the fun out of it. How can you put a value on sharks with laser beams on their heads? Or measure the combat value of throwing a shoe (because I mean, who throws a shoe anyway, really?).

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 8:57:54 PM   
Terminus


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quote:

ORIGINAL: witpqs


quote:

ORIGINAL: Terminus

I think a very important aspect of the design of any weapons system is how easily it can be produced in meaningful numbers. On that account, the Type XXI was not particularly impressive.


But it was a later design. So the lack of time to make those production refinements has to be looked at in the same light as the lack of time for combat experience and, in the case of other ship designs, outright differences in combat experience due to opportunity.


By VE-Day, the Germans had built 118 Type XXI's. Those boats, combined, conducted a single war patrol and sank no enemy ships. Unless you're trying to tell me that Nazi Germany designed the Type XXI in order to facilitate post-war submarine development for its enemies, I repeat that I don't find it very impressive.

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 9:00:08 PM   
Terminus


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By comparison, the Type XXIII submarine was built in 61 copies, and sank four enemy ships on six war patrols. I'd say that's more impressive.

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 9:01:55 PM   
castor troy


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quote:

ORIGINAL: Terminus

I think a very important aspect of the design of any weapons system is how easily it can be produced in meaningful numbers. On that account, the Type XXI was not particularly impressive.



that´s not correct. The German were able to build Type XXI faster in 44 than Type VII in 42. The number of subs reached it´s high point in 44. U-boot production in tonnage was four times higher in 44 than in 41. It wasn´t a problem of not enough production capacity, it was more a problem of getting them into action as it took quite some time to have a sub (the crew even more so) combat ready. All in all there were only some 130 Type XXI produced IIRC but they could produce far more if they wouldn´t have thought they wouldn´t need them in 41. In 44 they planned to produce 30-40 a month and something like that was produced every month at the end of the war which is quite impressive to me as there were also other types produced. Doesn´t sound like a problem to produce them in high numbers.

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 9:02:02 PM   
Anthropoid


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quote:

ORIGINAL: witpqs

quote:

ORIGINAL: Anthropoid

Let me make a suggestion, define "best design" in some measurable, testable way?



Takes the fun out of it. How can you put a value on sharks with laser beams on their heads? Or measure the combat value of throwing a shoe (because I mean, who throws a shoe anyway, really?).


LOL!

You know what that makes me think of, the concept of "Weapons of Mass Destruction." I don't know if it was an article I read, or one that I should be writing, but it seems to me that the concept of WMDs is _COMPLETE_ balogna.

Biological and chemical weapons, nukes, even big bombs (IIRC) do not account for most deaths in most conflicts in which they have been used, thus the concept of them being weapons of mass destruction is fundamentally flawed. But because they somehow represent an even further step away from a more 'honorable' form of killing (e.g., imagine gallant knight on horseback) they are somehow more 'repugnant.'

I seem to recall that in WWI it was artillery that accounted for a disproportionate amount of casualties . . . well that when combined with infectious disease.

WWII was it small arms fire? Certainly in modern conflicts small arms fire and perhaps small explosive devices seem to account for the largest fraction of casualties. . . . But there I go again totally tangentializing a perfectly good thread with way too much deep analytical thinking

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 9:05:49 PM   
John Lansford

 

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IIRC artillery was also the biggest killer on the battlefields in WWII.  There were fewer guns than in WWI, but the accuracy and lethality of the guns was increased. 

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 9:05:54 PM   
Anthropoid


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quote:

ORIGINAL: castor troy


quote:

ORIGINAL: Terminus

I think a very important aspect of the design of any weapons system is how easily it can be produced in meaningful numbers. On that account, the Type XXI was not particularly impressive.



that´s not correct. The German were able to build Type XXI faster in 44 than Type VII in 42. The number of subs reached it´s high point in 44. U-boot production in tonnage was four times higher in 44 than in 41. It wasn´t a problem of not enough production capacity, it was more a problem of getting them into action as it took quite some time to have a sub (the crew even more so) combat ready. All in all there were only some 130 Type XXI produced IIRC but they could produce far more if they wouldn´t have thought they wouldn´t need them in 41. In 44 they planned to produce 30-40 a month and something like that was produced every month at the end of the war which is quite impressive to me as there were also other types produced. Doesn´t sound like a problem to produce them in high numbers.


You know what posts like this make me dream of: a game along the lines of Civilization, in which you have sort of "God like" control of national production (or at least influence) as well perhaps as actions you can take to influence public opinion (economic policy, propaganda, etc.) but that is REALLY exquisitely based on real history and real historical 'what ifs.' And of course which accurately represented the vagaries of history . . . Not asking too much am I?

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 9:07:42 PM   
witpqs


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quote:

ORIGINAL: Terminus

Unless you're trying to tell me that Nazi Germany designed the Type XXI in order to facilitate post-war submarine development for its enemies, I repeat that I don't find it very impressive.


Shhh. Don't tell everybody!

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 9:40:06 PM   
Terminus


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One last thing for tonight (got work tomorrow morning). The Germans at no time built "30 to 40 Type XXI's per month". Never.

A ship isn't finished constructing when it's launched, it's finished WHEN IT'S COMMISSIONED. Taken from u-boat.net, here are the numbers of commissioned Type XXI's, divided up by month:




Attachment (1)

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 9:43:39 PM   
witpqs


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quote:

ORIGINAL: Anthropoid

LOL!

You know what that makes me think of, the concept of "Weapons of Mass Destruction." I don't know if it was an article I read, or one that I should be writing, but it seems to me that the concept of WMDs is _COMPLETE_ balogna.

Biological and chemical weapons, nukes, even big bombs (IIRC) do not account for most deaths in most conflicts in which they have been used, thus the concept of them being weapons of mass destruction is fundamentally flawed. But because they somehow represent an even further step away from a more 'honorable' form of killing (e.g., imagine gallant knight on horseback) they are somehow more 'repugnant.'

I seem to recall that in WWI it was artillery that accounted for a disproportionate amount of casualties . . . well that when combined with infectious disease.

WWII was it small arms fire? Certainly in modern conflicts small arms fire and perhaps small explosive devices seem to account for the largest fraction of casualties. . . . But there I go again totally tangentializing a perfectly good thread with way too much deep analytical thinking


As far as I know John is quite right. Artillery is the big killer by a wide margin. In fact artillery is called 'The King of the Battlefield', whereas the rifle is called 'The Queen of the battlefield'. Super important as the rifle is, artillery is king. With the different dynamics of what the US is involved in today air-dropped bombs might be causing most casualties among enemy (I simply don't know), but I think overall in serious conflicts it is still arty.

There's a couple/three different ways of looking at WMD. One is big effect. Nukes on a city - ouch. Hence major league avoidance. If they were used in quantity, even on 'military' targets, they would likely still make a huge difference. Artillery is king because we don't use nukes.

Another way to look at WMD is discrimination. All area weapons are indiscriminate to some degree. Nukes in a big way, gas to a lesser degree (because the area of effect is smaller) but still a lot if used in a big way. Things like bio weapons - anthrax, killer flu, etc. - are thought of differently because they can take off and spread beyond a target area and certainly beyond actual desired targets themselves.

A third way is that repugnance or revulsion factor you mentioned. Gas, bio, etc. give people the creeps partly because they feel like they are helpless against them.

Looking purely at what does the most damage or the most frequent damage is never the whole story. For example, how many people are killed every year in auto accidents around the world? A lot (depending on your point of view). How many people are killed by meteorites every year around the world? Not many, eh? I have seen various estimates of a person's chances of being killed by a meteorite during their lifetime. I just did a search to grab 'any' number, and found "1 in 700,000" chance of being killed by a meteorite during the average persons entire lifetime (as opposed to every year). Pretty low. The problem is that includes all (expected) events that might happen. A few small events where 1 or a small number die, even fewer where millions die, and a meaningful chance that EVERYBODY dies.

Kind of the same with WMD. We shouldn't fixate on them or exaggerate their importance. But if (for example) the nukes do get thrown around...

< Message edited by witpqs -- 4/27/2009 9:45:29 PM >

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 9:49:02 PM   
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quote:

I just did a search to grab 'any' number, and found "1 in 700,000" chance of being killed by a meteorite during the average persons entire lifetime (as opposed to every year).


Way too high an estimate... only one POSSIBLE recorded instance of someone being struck by a meteorite in recorded history... and that was non-fatal.

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 10:03:54 PM   
witpqs


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That's the problem with the estimates versus experience. If you look at once in 60,000,000 years 7,000,000,000 people will be killed, that's an average of 116 people per year right there. Assuming a 70 year lifespan, that's about 1 in 860,000 (round figures) per a person's lifetime. I'm not saying they used those numbers or assumptions. I'm just pointing out that the numbers can be pretty surprising when the rare event is MASSIVE.

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 10:14:36 PM   
rtrapasso


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quote:

ORIGINAL: witpqs

That's the problem with the estimates versus experience. If you look at once in 60,000,000 years 7,000,000,000 people will be killed, that's an average of 116 people per year right there. Assuming a 70 year lifespan, that's about 1 in 860,000 (round figures) per a person's lifetime. I'm not saying they used those numbers or assumptions. I'm just pointing out that the numbers can be pretty surprising when the rare event is MASSIVE.

By this reasoning, of course, you can pull any number out of a hat that you wish... 0 chance (a zillion times more likely we will blow ourselves up than a meteor will kill most (or all) humans, or that we will develop technology in the near future to destroy any such celestial threat) to 1 in 700,000, or whatever... it gets pretty meaningless... and thus not worth worrying about that particular threat.

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 10:26:24 PM   
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dukw

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 10:34:50 PM   
witpqs


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Disagree - I didn't totally pull numbers out of my hat. I did use really rough round numbers, but you can refine them as you like (search for where people have already done that).

The meteorite that hit around the Yucatan peninsula about 60,000,000+ years ago stands a huge chance of wiping out all humans alive if a similar one hit tomorrow. Apparently the frequency of big ones like that is roughly agreed upon by those who study such things. There were other big ones (but somewhat smaller) later than if you wish to include them. Last estimate for world population I heard was 6.7 billion. Don't remember the world average life span estimate so I did guess there.

As far as new technologies go, my understanding is that in the near future (dozens of years) we have nothing that could deploy in time to stop a comet (which is what we are talking about) because we would only know about the danger with at most a few months to spare.

I am just pointing out that the numbers surrounding rare+big events are hard to relate to for us humans and are usually surprising to us.

I am NOT advocating worry, doom, or any such thing and certainly do not advocate making up numbers. What are the chances of nuclear war? Any answer would be a made up number. I never did believe all those doomsayers in the early 80's who were announcing how close we were to nuclear annihilation. That was pure hokum.

I only pulled the meteor/comet number in because it is both a rare and big event and could therefore serve as a good illustration - no other reason.


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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 10:45:11 PM   
rtrapasso


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quote:

As far as new technologies go, my understanding is that in the near future (dozens of years) we have nothing that could deploy in time to stop a comet (which is what we are talking about) because we would only know about the danger with at most a few months to spare.


Again, that assumes:
1. That a meteorite would destroy all human life.
2. It would hit between now and the next 12 or so years, and that we couldn't possibly do anything to stop it...

The "Yucatan Strike" is still highly controversial about what it did to the dinosaurs... it certainly did not kill them all (their ancestors are still around today)... and the fossil record indicates that they were around for a couple of million years AFTER the "Yucatan Strike"... btw, the "Yucatan Strike", while being widely accepted in the US is not widely accepted in other parts of the world (last i read up on this.)

As for point 2 - i think you underestimate what folks can do when it comes down to life and death... there are some interesting technologies that could divert large objects in space with surprising little effort given a few months lead time... But that is another argument, i suppose.

EDIT: Again, what i am saying here is you can pull any number out of a hat and argue for (or against) it... such numbers are relatively meaningless.

< Message edited by rtrapasso -- 4/27/2009 10:48:13 PM >

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 10:52:33 PM   
mdiehl

 

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Well, I'm waiting for someone to pipe up that an ELE class bolide would lose in a confrontation with Bismarck. Since we're stepping kind of far afield now I figured the conversation should naturally now take a hard turn into the bizarre.

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RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 11:10:12 PM   
mikemike

 

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quote:

ORIGINAL: Tiornu

quote:

The only vessel that significantly impacted post war warship design was the Type-21.

I don't understand that claim. I agree that the Type XXI was revolutionary, but there's no combat experience to gauge how successful the boats would have been. They may even have been the best subs of the war, but as mdiehl has noted, it's easy to get overly enthusiastic. Isn't anyone concerned about housing the hydraulics outside the pressure hull? What are the results even if the depth charges are not very close?


I wouldn't call the Type XXI's "best designed". They were a competent improvisation, adapted from the Type XVIII Walter sub when it became clear that the Walter turbine wouldn't become combat ready any time soon; most of the Type XVIII design was used to save time. Had it been possible to start with a clean sheet, the design would certainly have looked quite differently, you only have to look at the Type XXIX, XXX, and XXXI projects. As it was, the type XXI was compromised in several aspects:
- the Type XVIII was still designed to operate mostly as a classical submersible; the Walter drive made a short duration of high submerged speeds available for attack/escape purposes, and so the shape and equipment of the type was not optimal for mostly submerged operation
- the Type XVIII was produced by a design office competent in propulsion technology but completely without experience either in the design or the operation of submarines, therefore there were a number of detail solutions and equipment choices that were awkward or downright impractical.

That said, the Type XXI would certainly have provided a quantum leap in survivability and combat effectiveness compared to the Type VII and IX boats; remember that Allied ASW tactics were tailor-made for the characteristics of the older types and would have had to be comprehensively revised for the Type XXI's.

Some people keep harping on the theme of hydraulics situated outside the pressure hull; as far as I know, the only mission-critical hydraulics outside the pressure hull were the drives for the forward dive planes, and that system was based on the design for the Dutch O21 class. Remember that no navy in the world had as much experience with damages caused by depth charge attacks as the Kriegsmarine, and it is inconceivable that the type would have passed service acceptance trials had the hydraulics really been that vulnerable; service entry of the type was delayed enough by the correction of faults less critical than exposed hydraulics would have been, but that kind of problem is nowhere even mentioned.

_____________________________

DON´T PANIC - IT´S ALL JUST ONES AND ZEROES!

(in reply to Tiornu)
Post #: 327
RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 11:12:57 PM   
rtrapasso


Posts: 22653
Joined: 9/3/2002
Status: offline

quote:

ORIGINAL: mdiehl

Well, I'm waiting for someone to pipe up that an ELE class bolide would lose in a confrontation with Bismarck. Since we're stepping kind of far afield now I figured the conversation should naturally now take a hard turn into the bizarre.

i am not sure Bismarck could have taken one on... maybe an Iowa or Yamato, though...

(in reply to mdiehl)
Post #: 328
RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 11:14:05 PM   
witpqs


Posts: 26087
Joined: 10/4/2004
From: Argleton
Status: offline

quote:

ORIGINAL: mdiehl

Well, I'm waiting for someone to pipe up that an ELE class bolide would lose in a confrontation with Bismarck. Since we're stepping kind of far afield now I figured the conversation should naturally now take a hard turn into the bizarre.


Well of course you are being ridiculous. A sufficient number of mass-produced Shermans, on the other hand...

(in reply to mdiehl)
Post #: 329
RE: Best Designed Ship of WWII - 4/27/2009 11:16:03 PM   
rtrapasso


Posts: 22653
Joined: 9/3/2002
Status: offline
quote:

ORIGINAL: mikemike

it is inconceivable that the type would have passed service acceptance trials had the hydraulics really been that vulnerable;


Vizzini: INCONCEIVABLE!!
Inigo Montoya: You keep using that word. I do not think it means what you think it means.

EDIT: i could mention a lot of different "inconceivable" things that both sides did that were utterly absurd (in retrospect)... it didn't stop them from being done, however.

< Message edited by rtrapasso -- 4/28/2009 12:05:06 AM >

(in reply to mikemike)
Post #: 330
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