rtrapasso
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Joined: 9/3/2002 Status: offline
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Year 1245: Pope Innocent IV announces that he will convene a great ecclesiastical council at Lyons in June, the Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich II hears that he is to be called before the papal council and tries to make peace. The pope makes demands that Friedrich finds unacceptable, the pope renews the emperor's excommunication in April, Friedrich convenes a rival council at Verona in June, but the pope's council deposes Friedrich II July 27, finding him guilty of sacrilege and possible heresy. War breaks out in the German states as the pope orders the Germans to elect a new king (see 1246). Portugal's Sancho II is deposed by Pope Innocent IV, who offers the crown to Sancho's brother Afonso, count of Boulogne. Sancho tries to regain the crown but the new king will reign until 1279 as Afonso III, despite condemnation by the pope, who will accuse him of all manner of crimes. The Seventh Crusade mobilizes forces under the leadership of France's Louis IX, who takes the cross against his mother's advice. Louis is by no means sympathetic to Pope Innocent IV's use of the crusade as propaganda against the deposed Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich II, but the pope supports the Crusade and authorizes a levy on clerical incomes to finance it. Filled with the notion that the crusade is God's work, Louis will embark in 1248 on an expedition to regain Jerusalem from the Egyptians. King Henry III [b. 1207, d. 1272] starts building Westminster Abbey in London, officially the Abbey of St. Peter, as an extension and replacement for an earlier structure that may go back as far as 785. The earlier structure was previously rebuilt by Edward the Confessor in the eleventh century. See also 1065 Construction. Giovanni de Carpini, commissioned by Pope Innocent IV, explores South Russia and reaches the Mongol Empire at Karakorum. See also 1253 Earth science. Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections by Ch'in Chiu-Shao [b. c. 1202, d. 1261] treats equations of a higher degree than the third.
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