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Midway Inquest? - 8/19/2007 5:42:25 AM   
Andvari

 

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Has anybody read the book by Dallas Isom, Midway Inquest? Purports to be the definitive volume on why the Japanese lost the battle, but I don't see how anyone could have new insight into Midway.

Has anybody read anything else by him? Just curious.
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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/19/2007 5:55:47 AM   
spence

 

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I read an article by him in the Journal of the Naval War College (can't remember which issue but it's available online - 2001 I think). Same issue has article by Parsham and/or Tully ("Shattered Sword"). IIRC Isom questions certain critical times that things happened and how they effected Nagumo's decision making but doesn't delve to deeply into the actual evolutions necessary to carry out those decisions. Parshall/Tully go into those evolutions and make a convincing case that Nagumo had lost the initiative and the KB was doomed long before the bombs came down at 1020. The two articles are well worth reading so I'll go look for a link.

here's a link to the Parshall/Tully article but couldn't find one to the Isom article; which was apparently in the Summer 2000 issue of the Naval War College Review

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JIW/is_3_54?pnum=12&opg=80786338

< Message edited by spence -- 8/19/2007 6:25:06 AM >

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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/19/2007 11:10:38 AM   
Apollo11


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Hi all,

I posted those links here several times... let me do search...


Leo "Apollo11"

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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/19/2007 11:12:25 AM   
Apollo11


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Hi all,

Here they are...


The Battle of Midway: Why the Japanese Lost

By Dallas Woodbury Isom

http://www.nwc.navy.mil/press/Review/2000/summer/art3-Su0.htm


Doctrine Matters Why The Japanese Lost At Midway

By Jonathan B. Parshall, David D. Dickson, and Anthony P. Tully

http://www.nwc.navy.mil/press/Review/2001/Summer/sd1-su1.htm



Replay to Jonathan B. Parshall, David D. Dickson, and Anthony P. Tully

By Dallas Woodbury Isom

http://www.nwc.navy.mil/press/review/2001/summer/imv-su1.htm


Leo "Apollo11"

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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/19/2007 11:13:36 AM   
Apollo11


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Hi all,

Darn... they changed the internal linking in the site and old links doesn't work any more...


Leo "Apollo11"

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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/19/2007 12:30:31 PM   
Local Yokel


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The Naval War College Review still makes a few recent issues available online, but unfortunately the one containing Professor Isom's original article appears not to be amongst them.

Here's the current link to the Review: NWC Review

Isom's rejoinder to the Parshall/Tully critique in NWCR is here: The Isom response (See THEY WOULD HAVE FOUND A WAY)

This thread on the j-aircraft.org board contains some further comments on Isom's book. Suggests to me that Isom's assertions as to the extent of Japanese aircrew losses must be suspect, in which case some of his other conclusions may be wrong. However, he appears to have interviewed a number of surviving technicians that were aboard the carriers, and these may well provide useful insights into Japanese practice.

<Edit my bad speling!>

< Message edited by Local Yokel -- 8/19/2007 12:32:26 PM >


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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/19/2007 2:02:32 PM   
witpqs


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I saved them to disk when the links were first posted. Give me your email address and I'll send you PDF's.

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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/19/2007 2:55:44 PM   
Apollo11


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Hi all,

quote:

ORIGINAL: Local Yokel

The Naval War College Review still makes a few recent issues available online, but unfortunately the one containing Professor Isom's original article appears not to be amongst them.

Here's the current link to the Review: NWC Review

Isom's rejoinder to the Parshall/Tully critique in NWCR is here: The Isom response (See THEY WOULD HAVE FOUND A WAY)

This thread on the j-aircraft.org board contains some further comments on Isom's book. Suggests to me that Isom's assertions as to the extent of Japanese aircrew losses must be suspect, in which case some of his other conclusions may be wrong. However, he appears to have interviewed a number of surviving technicians that were aboard the carriers, and these may well provide useful insights into Japanese practice.


Thanks!

BTW, shame that those old issues are no longer available...


Leo "Apollo11"


P.S.
I think that I also have PDFed those old articles (will search for them on my HDDs)...


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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/20/2007 5:06:46 PM   
mlees


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I just bought the book off Amazon. I'm into chapter 2 now.

I am at work, and dont have the book with me, but if I recall, he has only a few disagreements with Shattered Sword.

For example, off the top of my head, Isom says that in Shattered Sword, the authors state that the Japanese did not launch their strike becuase they were too busy launching/recycling CAP, and reacting to the nonstop US air attacks. Isom says that the IJN airlogs only showed 3 or 4 zeros launched on CAP between 830 and 1000, so that the facts dont support Tully's case.

He claims that the real problem was that it took the Japanese ordnance crews longer than realised to rearm the Kates with torpedoes. (Rearming must be suspended when the carrier is manuevering evasivly.) Isom claims that at 1000, the Japanese rearming was still not complete.

I'll have to relook at the intro when I get home (in 9 hours or so...), and make sure I'm not talking out of my hat...

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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/20/2007 6:23:52 PM   
spence

 

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In Shattered Sword there is an Air Operations Time Line on page 154-155 that shows CAP launches and recoveries as follows between 0730-1020:
R=recover CAP
L=launch CAP

AKAGI: 0730 - R, 0735 -R, 0750 - R, 0810 - L, 0835 - L, 0835-0905 - Recovering Strike (Midway), 0910 - R, 0930 - L, 0945 - L, 0950 - R, 1010 - R, 1020 - L

KAGA: 0730 - R, 0800 - R, 0815 - L, 0830 - L, 0840-0855 - R (Strike), 0910 - R, 0920 - L, 1000 - L

HIRYU: 0740 - R, 0830 - L, 0840 - R, 0900-0910 - R (Strike), 0940 - L, 1015 - L

SORYU: 0730 - R, 0845-0915 - R (Strike), 0930 - R, 0940 - L, 1000 - L, 1015 - L

I think SS's authors tend to contend that DOCTRINE played a major role in the whys of the non-strike by KB. In brief they contend that what was happening on 1 ship in the two ship division was happening on the other (excepting CAP operations) and that this applies to only a somewhat lesser extent to the whole KB as well. So both ships/all ships would spot their strikes at the same time. The CAP was the kicker. Looking at Akagi you have the ship recovering CAP at 0910, 0950, and 1010. There is a 40 minute minimum (according to the authors) spot/launch a strike in there between 0910 - 0950 but during that window the strike WAS NOT READY. When the strike was ready or nearly so Akagi was cycling CAP which meant she could not spot a strike, impacting by reason of doctrine (massed combined arms strikes) what the other carriers would do (i.e. they weren't going to spot their strike a/c until the flagship did).

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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/21/2007 12:54:28 AM   
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I just finished a second reading of "Shattered Sword" and I highly recommend it for any student of the Pacific campaign. I know more about the IJN and it's carrier force as a result.

There really has been a whole lot of recent research that calls into question even such monumental works as Prange's "Miracle at Midway". Primarily provided by Japanese researchers and historians, the authors used this informaiton to go very deep into explaining the battle from the Japanese side. I could not put it down.

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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/21/2007 1:44:44 AM   
kaleun

 

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quote:

I just finished a second reading of "Shattered Sword" and I highly recommend it for any student of the Pacific campaign. I know more about the IJN and it's carrier force as a result.

There really has been a whole lot of recent research that calls into question even such monumental works as Prange's "Miracle at Midway". Primarily provided by Japanese researchers and historians, the authors used this informaiton to go very deep into explaining the battle from the Japanese side. I could not put it down.

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Not only it is well researched, it is masterfully written. I could almost see the paint blsitering on the bulkheads and feel the heat of the fires. It made me realize the heros that manned those ships.

(Removes hat)

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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/21/2007 2:23:37 AM   
ChezDaJez


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quote:

Not only it is well researched, it is masterfully written. I could almost see the paint blsitering on the bulkheads and feel the heat of the fires. It made me realize the heros that manned those ships.


Yes, there were many heroes in that battle on both sides. Unfortunately we will never know who most of them are or what they did.

Chez

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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/21/2007 2:30:52 AM   
spence

 

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IIRC from Shattered Sword, "control" of the CAP resided with the officer in charge of all flight deck operations on each individual carrier. Since this officer had no means to actually communicate with CAP a/c once they were in the air and was often to busy to do so anyways his "control" basically boiled down to ordering the launching or authorizing the recovery of CAP a/c.

I do not have a particularly good feel for how this officer (I can't remember the IJN title - think it begins with H though) fit into the chain of command on the carrier. In that this officer on Akagi allowed the recovery of CAP a/c at 0950 and 1010 on 4 June it would seem germaine to the issue of why the Japanese did not get their anti-ship strike off to know to whom he reported in the chain of command and whether he was required to request permission to land CAP (thus preventing the spotting of a strike) or initiate other major flight deck operations. I got the impression from SS that this position was fairly loosely controlled from above (held by a CDR IIRC). An independent decision by this officer might well have rendered what Nagumo thought or did moot.


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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/21/2007 5:51:57 AM   
mlees


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quote:

ORIGINAL: spence
I think SS's authors tend to contend that DOCTRINE played a major role in the whys of the non-strike by KB.

<snip>

that window the strike WAS NOT READY. When the strike was ready or nearly so Akagi was cycling CAP which meant she could not spot a strike,


Actually, on page 205 of Shattered Sword, Parshall/Tully state:

quote:

Upon closer examination, it is difficult to support the notion that rearming CARDIV1 would have taken so long. It was now an hour and a half since the order had been issued to countermand the 30 to 45 minutes worth of rearming that had occured before 0800. Even despite the occasionally violent manuevers the ships had participated in, it is difficult to imagine that rearming had not been fully completed, and that all of CARDIV1's type 97 aircraft [Kates] were now armed with torpedoes, Thus, Nagumo ought to have had sufficient armed and fueled aircraft to attack the enemy with all four of his carriers, if he could find the time to spot them.


So, Shattered Sword claims the strike was ready, but not spotted, because of two Zero's that needed to be recovered between 0917 and 1000. (Soryu-0930, Akagi-0950. Zero's could be launched over the bows, requiring about 1/3rd of the flight deck, while the anti-fleet strike is being spotted on the after portions.)

Would Nagumo have actually forgo spotting if his strike was actually ready, just to land two thirsty Zero's? Probably not. (Isom claims the Zero had a 3 hour endurance, and no Zero aloft between 0917 and 1000 was in danger of running out of fuel.)

Would Nagumo take a page out of the British handbook, and keep all planes below while under air attack? Hmmm...

Isom claims, like you, that the strike was not ready, hence not spotted.

I don't want to defend Isom, as (1) I just started his book, and (2) I would muck up the job anyway.

Cheers!

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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/21/2007 6:33:59 AM   
spence

 

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I tend to believe the strike was probably ready by 1000 actually.  But the Akagi RECOVERED Zeros at 0950 and again at 1010.  The Zeros' problem was not fuel but rather ammunition for their 20mms.  SS indicates that the Zeros' 7.7s just didn't hurt the American a/c much, not even the Devastators.  In part this explains the higher survival rate for Torpedo 6 which was attacked by many of the same Zeros as Torpedo 8 had been at first.  Those Zeros were out of or nearly out of 20mm and were not particularly effective.  Only when freshly rearmed Zeros joined the fight did Torpedo 6 start to suffer the same sort of disaster as Torpedo 8.  In what was otherwise a basic repeat of Torpedo 8's Attack Torpedo 6 managed to get 5 or 6 of 14 torpedos into the water vs maybe 2 for Torpedo 8's 15.

In any case I find it inconceivable that Nagumo would have held off his strike purposefully just so that a few of his fighters could land BUT I am starting to wonder whether the perogatives of the flightdeck/CAP officer on Akagi effectively made irrelevant Nagumo's decision re the launch (and as I said I don't figure the other carriers would have spotted a strike before the flagship did).  If the guy had no requirement to get an OK from higher authority to recover CAP planes then that might very well have been the case.    

< Message edited by spence -- 8/21/2007 6:35:23 AM >

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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/21/2007 9:32:12 AM   
ChezDaJez


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quote:

BUT I am starting to wonder whether the perogatives of the flightdeck/CAP officer on Akagi effectively made irrelevant Nagumo's decision re the launch (and as I said I don't figure the other carriers would have spotted a strike before the flagship did). If the guy had no requirement to get an OK from higher authority to recover CAP planes then that might very well have been the case.


There are 2 problems that I see with your analysis. The first is that I can't imagine a flight deck officer thumbing his nose at Nagumo. Surely, Nagumo would have sent word down to the flight deck to launch immediately if the strike was ready. Plus the flight deck officer would have had to of known that enemy carriers had been spotted. Why else would the re-arming be ordered with all possible speed?

Second, I don't think that the flight deck officer would have ordered the flights of Zeros to land based solely on ammo status. He could not have known that. He may have thought fuel emergency but again Nagumo's orders would most certainly have taken precedent. The Zeros would probably be told to ditch. The Japanese weren't exactly adverse to sacrificing their pilots when need be. But let's suppose that the FDO did say screw Nagumo's orders and brought the Zero's into land. CARDIV 2 would still have been able to spot their strike as would Kaga. So 3 of the 4 carriers could have brought their planes on deck even if they held them from launching to wait for Akagi. Assuming the strikes were ready, of course.

My thought is that the strikes weren't ready. The heavy maneuvering by the carriers during the earlier US airstrikes would most certainly have delayed re-arming to a certain extent. Plus you have the ordnance that had been removed still sitting on bomb carts which would have reduced the number available for new ordnance loadouts. I can not see them just piling the land bombs on the hangar deck as the maneuvering most likely would have caused them to roll all over the place. And that most certainly would have delayed re-arming.

No, I think the strikes just weren't ready yet.

Chez

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VP-5, Jacksonville, Fl 1973-78
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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/21/2007 1:19:02 PM   
Nikademus


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I don't recall reading that the CAP factored into the decision to delay the strike. It was a combination of desire to launch an integrated strike coupled with the distractions caused by the string of penny packet attacks. The authors mention "doctrine" a bunch to try to explain to the layman the reasons behind the decision making process of Nagumo and company, not as a straightjacket on rigid thinking. (USN attempted to launch per doctrine as well after all) I liked how they put it simply in terms of "they tried to go with what had worked for them all along" which bereft of hindsight was perfectly reasonable given the Intel Nagumo had at the time. Had Nagumo said "launch the strike", the deck officer would not have thumbed his nose IMO....discipline was too strict for that. (this wasn't the Kwangtung Army staff after all )

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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/21/2007 7:15:52 PM   
crsutton


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quote:

ORIGINAL: spence

I tend to believe the strike was probably ready by 1000 actually.  But the Akagi RECOVERED Zeros at 0950 and again at 1010.  The Zeros' problem was not fuel but rather ammunition for their 20mms.  SS indicates that the Zeros' 7.7s just didn't hurt the American a/c much, not even the Devastators.  In part this explains the higher survival rate for Torpedo 6 which was attacked by many of the same Zeros as Torpedo 8 had been at first.  Those Zeros were out of or nearly out of 20mm and were not particularly effective.  Only when freshly rearmed Zeros joined the fight did Torpedo 6 start to suffer the same sort of disaster as Torpedo 8.  In what was otherwise a basic repeat of Torpedo 8's Attack Torpedo 6 managed to get 5 or 6 of 14 torpedos into the water vs maybe 2 for Torpedo 8's 15.



Yes, I never really thought about that. Good point. Any flight sim fan who has flown an early model zero know how quickly the 20mm guns burn off their small supply of ammo. After, that you can barely damage anything with the machine guns (which of course, have plenty of ammo)


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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/21/2007 7:20:04 PM   
crsutton


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[/quote]


I can not see them just piling the land bombs on the hangar deck as the maneuvering most likely would have caused them to roll all over the place. And that most certainly would have delayed re-arming.



Chez
[/quote]

But according to "Shattered Sword" that is pretty much the case. There was a lot of ordance just shoved to the side during the rearming process and a good deal had not been re-stowed.

I am speaking from memory here, so I may be out of line.


< Message edited by crsutton -- 8/21/2007 7:21:27 PM >


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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/21/2007 9:07:31 PM   
anarchyintheuk

 

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Not to go too far off topic but, absent a radio, how did KB pilots inform their flight deck officer that they were low on fuel/ammo? Flyby? Open cockpit/harsh language? Was this done by section, individually?

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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/21/2007 10:18:42 PM   
ChezDaJez


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quote:

There was a lot of ordance just shoved to the side during the rearming process and a good deal had not been re-stowed.


Yes, there was a lot of ordnance unstowed but it wasn't just "laying" around. It was probably sitting in bomb carts, not just sitting in a pile on deck. There would have been no way to secure a pile and with the maneuvering they were doing, those bombs would have caused untold havoc rolling into parked aircraft and armorers.

Chez

_____________________________

Ret Navy AWCS (1972-1998)
VP-5, Jacksonville, Fl 1973-78
ASW Ops Center, Rota, Spain 1978-81
VP-40, Mt View, Ca 1981-87
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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/21/2007 10:21:53 PM   
ChezDaJez


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quote:

Not to go too far off topic but, absent a radio, how did KB pilots inform their flight deck officer that they were low on fuel/ammo? Flyby? Open cockpit/harsh language? Was this done by section, individually?


Flight leaders were supposed to have radios installed but they were crap and most were ripped out. They did use hand signals between aircraft so I assume they would have hand signals for the carrier too. Could even have been a wing waggle or some other means of signalling. Really don't know.

Chez

_____________________________

Ret Navy AWCS (1972-1998)
VP-5, Jacksonville, Fl 1973-78
ASW Ops Center, Rota, Spain 1978-81
VP-40, Mt View, Ca 1981-87
Patrol Wing 10, Mt View, CA 1987-90
ASW Ops Center, Adak, Ak 1990-92
NRD Seattle 1992-96
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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/21/2007 10:59:23 PM   
Apollo11


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Hi all,

quote:

ORIGINAL: anarchyintheuk

Not to go too far off topic but, absent a radio, how did KB pilots inform their flight deck officer that they were low on fuel/ammo? Flyby? Open cockpit/harsh language? Was this done by section, individually?


The Zero's did have radio - only some units/pilots choose to remove it to save weight and/or because they didn't "believe" it it's functionality on certain missions - i.e. low range - bad reception...


Leo "Apollo11"

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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/22/2007 4:05:38 AM   
Local Yokel


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quote:

ORIGINAL: ChezDaJez

quote:

There was a lot of ordance just shoved to the side during the rearming process and a good deal had not been re-stowed.


Yes, there was a lot of ordnance unstowed but it wasn't just "laying" around. It was probably sitting in bomb carts, not just sitting in a pile on deck. There would have been no way to secure a pile and with the maneuvering they were doing, those bombs would have caused untold havoc rolling into parked aircraft and armorers.

Chez


I should be interested to discover the origins of this unstowed ordnance.

If I understand correctly the Japanese arming procedures, the Type 99 bombers were armed after they were ranged on deck for launch. This would imply that in CarDiv 2 ordnance need not have been brought up from the magazines by the time of the US dive bomber attack, unless the decision had been taken to do so before the Type 99's were lifted to the flight deck.

I accept that in CarDiv 1 some of the land bombs may not have gone back to the magazines when the Type 97 attack planes were rearmed with torpedoes. However, that rearming order was given at about 0800 or shortly after, at the latest. This implies a period of about two and a quarter hours between issue of the re-arming order and the US dive bomber attack at 1025. Of that time, some 90 minutes can be attributed to detaching land bombs from those aircraft to which they had been attached and winching torpedoes onto all the attack planes. Furthermore, Shattered Sword indicates that this was a process concentrated around the limited number of available torpedo carts, and explicitly suggests that this resulted in some ordnance personnel having to stand idle. What I don't understand is why it is assumed that, in the time available, the ordnance crews generally and the idle ones specifically did not to return the unneeded land bombs to safe storage in the magazines.

When under imminent threat of being bombed or torpedoed, I would have thought it elementary to minimise the risk of induced explosions by prompt return of unwanted ordnance to its safest place of storage: the magazines. So did the Japanese 'take a chance' in the interests of quicker turn round, or was this surplus ordnance simply not there? And is this something on which Isom's book sheds further light?

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(in reply to ChezDaJez)
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RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/22/2007 6:47:30 PM   
anarchyintheuk

 

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Thanx Chez and Apollo. Seems like it would be a very inefficient system. I'll have to see if I can find anything.

(in reply to Local Yokel)
Post #: 26
RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/22/2007 10:32:30 PM   
ChezDaJez


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quote:

If I understand correctly the Japanese arming procedures, the Type 99 bombers were armed after they were ranged on deck for launch.


They often did that though the preferred procedure was to arm them in the hangar deck especially when operating a rotating CAP. Akagi's bomb lift ended on the forward hangar deck while Kaga had a lift that went to the flight deck.

If Type 97's were also being loaded with torps then the Type 99s would load on the flight deck.

However, in this case, because the Type 97s were upoading torps and removing bombs, all of the bomb carts were required in the hangar deck. The torpedo carts were different and could not be used to load bombs. So if the Vals were to rearm with AP bombs, they had to be in the hangar deck.

It's now commonly agreed that the Japanese carriers did not have any bombers on deck at the time of the SBD attacks. They were still in the hangar.

Chez

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(in reply to Local Yokel)
Post #: 27
RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/22/2007 11:59:43 PM   
tsimmonds


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quote:


If I understand correctly the Japanese arming procedures, the Type 99 bombers were armed after they were ranged on deck for launch. This would imply that in CarDiv 2 ordnance need not have been brought up from the magazines by the time of the US dive bomber attack, unless the decision had been taken to do so before the Type 99's were lifted to the flight deck.

You do understand correctly. However, IIRC, in this instance, the Vals had already been armed earlier (in accordance with Yamamoto' instructions) and were then struck below to clear the flight deck for CAP evolutions. The DBs were armed and ready in the hangar.

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(in reply to Local Yokel)
Post #: 28
RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/23/2007 2:52:51 AM   
Local Yokel


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I'm not suggesting that the KB carriers' hangars were not full of fuelled and armed aircraft at the time of the 1025 dive bomber attack: plainly they were.

What has seemed wrong to me has been the view in popular accounts of the batle that the hangars were littered with discarded ordnance as a result of the re-arming order.  I am suggesting that between the re-arming order at c. 0800 and the 1025 attack both time and personnel were available to return the ordnance taken off the aircraft to the magazines.  If that wasn't done then it implies what must surely have been a conscious and foolhardy decision to leave this weaponry on the hangar deck.  I find it hard to believe that such a decision was taken.

Bear in mind also that KB was setting up to launch deckload spots: the Type 97 squadrons from CarDiv 1 and the Type 99 squadrons from CarDiv 2.  The remaining squadrons had been struck below after return from the attack on Midway, and many required repairs to battle damage before any question arose of their being re-armed for a further strike - look how long it took to get Hiryu's torpedo strike away.  So I suggest that between 0800 and 1025 the armourers were giving little or no attention to re-arming aircraft that had returned from the Midway strike.  If that is correct, then the CarDiv 2 armourers had as much time and a less complicated task than their colleagues in CarDiv 1:  that of replacing the land bombs on the Type 99's with AP bombs.  And this assumes (a) that the bombers had already been fitted with land bombs (b) that a decision was taken to replace them with AP.

I just have difficulty in constructing a scenario in which there's a good reason for lots of unwanted ordnance to be lying around in the hangars.

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(in reply to tsimmonds)
Post #: 29
RE: Midway Inquest? - 8/23/2007 7:53:24 AM   
bradfordkay

 

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My understanding from Shattered Sword is that it was the lack of enough torpedo carts that caused the situation. When the order was given to arm the Kates for land attack, all the torpedoes had to be removed. There weren't enough carts to stow them all below, so some were set aside to be loaded onto the carts and sent to the magazine later.

My belief is that the bombs were all on carts, probably for the reasons Chez has mentioned, and because there were enough bomb carts. The quote from Shattered Sword (p.250): "This appalling total of nearly 80,000 pounds of explosives lay scattered everywhere, on aircraft, on bomb carts, or simply shoved against the hanger bulkheads to get them out of the way." Parshall and Tully don't say exactly what was where (they did mention holding racks next to the magazine elevator).

On p.157 they mention that the bomb handlers in the magazine had "let it be known that they had their hands full just getting the bombs out of storage and not to send anything down to them yet." I would assume that as the bomb handlers got things going, later they were probably taking torpedoes down but at the beginning the torpedoes had to go into temporary holding racks. So they weren't just rolling around, but they were in the blast zone when the american bombs exploded.

Apparently there were only six torpedo carts (at least on Akagi), so most of the plane crews had to wait until a cart was available to unload their bombers. Since the torpedoes couldn't go below, they went into the holding racks so that the cart could be used to unload another Kate.

< Message edited by bradfordkay -- 8/23/2007 7:57:09 AM >


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(in reply to Local Yokel)
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