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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/10/2019 6:52:39 PM   
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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/11/2019 6:28:18 PM   
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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/12/2019 6:25:29 PM   
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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/13/2019 8:50:36 PM   
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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/14/2019 6:32:58 PM   
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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/15/2019 6:43:50 PM   
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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/16/2019 7:13:35 PM   
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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/17/2019 7:20:30 PM   
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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/18/2019 6:01:54 PM   
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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/19/2019 8:32:56 PM   
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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/20/2019 6:56:40 PM   
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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/21/2019 6:20:49 PM   
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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/22/2019 6:50:55 PM   
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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/23/2019 5:52:49 PM   
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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/24/2019 6:22:13 PM   
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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/25/2019 6:26:34 PM   
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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/28/2019 7:02:04 PM   
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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/29/2019 7:42:48 PM   
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Status: offline 		The Polish resistance movement in World War II, with the Polish Home Army at its forefront, was the largest underground resistance movement in all of occupied Europe, covering both German and Soviet zones of occupation. The Polish resistance is most notable for disrupting German supply lines to the Eastern Front, providing military intelligence to the British, and for saving more Jewish lives in the Holocaust than any other Western Allied organization or government.
The first organization of the Polish resistance was the Służba Zwycięstwu Polski (Service of the Victory of Poland), created 27 of September of 1939, that is to say, days before the completion of the German occupation of the part of Poland. The largest of all Polish resistance organizations was the Armia Krajowa (Home Army, AK), loyal to the Polish government in exile in London. The AK was formed in 1942 from the Union for Armed Combat (Związek Walki Zbrojnej or ZWZ, itself created in 1939) and would eventually incorporate most other Polish armed resistance groups (except for the communists and some far-right groups). The AK counted in its ranks with about 400,000 members (both men and women), and its actions against the Germans in Poland were counted by tens of thousands, with numerous attacks on military bases, infrastructure and personnel of the German forces. In addition, they played an important role as an intelligence service: 43% of all reports received by British intelligence from continental Europe during the war came from the Polish resistance. They not only provided reports on the situation in Poland, but also in Germany.
The Cichociemni was an elite unit formed in the United Kingdom by more than three hundred Polish soldiers who had managed to reach Britain after the evacuation of Dunkirk. They were trained to do sabotage operations in Poland, where they were parachuted. Of the 316 Cichociemni released in the country, 103 died during the war in combat, executed or in accidents.
The most important operation of the AK was the “Akcja Burza” (Operation Tempest). This organization undertook a series of armed uprisings in several Polish cities in the summer of 1944. The most important was the Warsaw Uprising, which began on August 1st and would last two months, waiting for the Soviets to cross the Vistula River. Nevertheless, the Soviet forces stopped their advance before the Polish capital during that time, allowing to the Germans to put down completely the rebellion.
The Armia Krajowa was very weak after the Warsaw Uprising. Fate of the members of the AK after the Soviet occupation of Poland would be unfortunate. Some of the 60,000 AK members who had survived the war were detained by the Soviets.



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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/30/2019 7:43:32 PM   
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Status: offline 		A war waged by a "regular" army has been defined as an attempt to take, hold, or deny terrain to an enemy. Irregularity is the great universal weakness of all resistance movements, and the Soviet movement was no exception. The partisans were irregular in almost every sense of the word. Because of the conditions under which they were formed they could never be integrated into the Red Army, and thus they could never be organized, equipped, trained, and controlled to the extent that they would ever approach the level of or be utilized as a "regular" force. The partisans never able to stand up against the regulars of the German Army even in areas and in circumstances of their own choosing, and they were able to "deny" only that terrain which was tactically unimportant to the Germans.
The Soviet partisans were members of resistance movements that fought a guerrilla war against the Axis forces in the Soviet Union, the previously Soviet-occupied territories of interwar Poland in 1941–45 and eastern Finland. In 1941, the core of the partisan movement were the remains of the Red Army units destroyed in the first phase of Operation Barbarossa, personnel of destruction battalions, and the local Communist Party and Komsomol activists who chose to remain in Soviet-occupied prewar Poland. The activity emerged after the German Operation Barbarossa, and it was coordinated and controlled by the Soviet government and modelled on that of the Red Army. Soviet partisans also operated on Polish, Ukrainian and Baltic territories occupied by the Soviet Union in 1939–1940.
The most common unit of the period was a detachment. The first detachments commanded by Red Army officers and local Communist Party activists were formed in the first days of the war between former allies Germany and the Soviet Union. Some partisan detachments were parachuted into German-occupied territories in the summer of 1941. Urban underground groups were formed as a force complementing the activities of partisan units, operating in rural areas. The network of underground structures developed and received a steady influx of specially chosen party activists. By the end of 1941, more than 2,000 partisan detachments (with more than 90,000 personnel) operated in German-occupied territories.
In 1943 and 1944 the strength of the partisan movement lay in the following factors: The movement had a wealth of manpower available, manpower innately tough, frugal, and inured to hardship, and often intimately familiar with the area in which it operated; a majority of the Russian people were at least neutral, and these grew progressively more openly sympathetic as the war progressed; and the Wehrmacht, a seemingly irresistible force in 1941 and 1942, was, after Stalingrad, a losing army, sapped of much of its former strength, and attempting only to avoid defeat.



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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 10/31/2019 7:57:37 PM   
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Status: offline 		In Italia the anti-Fascist movements cautiously revived in 1942 and 1943. The movement that rose among Italians of various social classes is also known as the Italian resistance and the Italian partisans. The Communists helped to organize strikes, the leading Roman Catholics formed the Christian Democratic Party in 1943, and the new Party of Action was founded in January 1943, mainly by republicans and Radicals. Leading Communists began to reenter Italy, and their party began to put down deep roots across the country. By this time most of the leading clandestine parties were more willing to work together to overthrow fascism. In March 1943 they signed an agreement to do so. The Italian resistance movement (La Resistenza italiana or just la Resistenza) is an umbrella term for Italian resistance groups during World War II. It was opposed to the forces of Germany as well as their puppet state local regime, the Italian Social Republic, especially following the German military occupation of Italy between September 1943 and April 1945. Partisans were fighting three types of war: a civil war against Italian Fascists, a war of national liberation against German occupation, and a class war against the ruling elites. After September 1943, partisan Resistance groups were active throughout northern and much of central Italy. Often they were former soldiers cut off from home and still in possession of their weapons. The Communist Party, although still very small in 1943 (about 5,000 members), led the largest group of partisans (at least 50,000 by summer 1944), drawing on years of experience in underground organization and on Yugoslav support. The partisan strength was at around 70,000-80,000 by May 1944. Some 41% in the Garibaldi Brigades and 29% were Actionists of the Giustizia e Libertà Brigades. One of the strongest units, the 8th Garibaldi Brigade, had 8,050 men (450 without arms) and operated in the Romagna area. The CLN mostly operated in the Alpine area, Apennine area and Po Valley of the RSI, and also in the German OZAK (the area northeast of the north end of the Adriatic Sea) and OZAV (Trentino and South Tyrol) zones. The Christian Democrats included roughly 20,000 partisans, and both Socialists and Liberals had significant armed bands in some areas. Partisans of different political persuasions normally worked together in local Committees of National Liberation (CLNs), which coordinated strategy, cooperated with the Allies, administered liberated areas, and appointed new officials. Above all, they organized the uprisings in the northern and central cities, including Milan in April 1945, which fell to the partisans before Allied troops arrived. In some cities the partisan liberation appeared to be a revolution—as in Genoa, Turin (where the Fiat factories were occupied), and Bologna—and red flags, Italian flags, and American flags greeted the “liberating” Allied troops. In all, about 200,000 partisans took part in the Resistance, and German or Fascist forces killed some 70,000 Italians (including both partisans and civilians) for Resistance activities.



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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/1/2019 7:11:52 PM   
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Status: offline 		The Yugoslav Partisans, or the National Liberation Army, officially the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia, was the Communist-led resistance to the Axis powers in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II. It is considered to be Europe's most effective anti-Axis resistance movement during World War II, often compared to the Polish resistance movement. The Yugoslav Resistance was led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia during World War II. Its commander was Marshal Josip Broz Tito, who was head of the underground Yugoslav Communist party (KPJ), and received support from Stalin's Soviet Union. .
Germany and Italy occupied Yugoslavia in April 1941, but it was not until Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June of that year that the Yugoslav communists were ordered to mount attacks against Axis units. Partisan detachments conducted small-scale sabotage until September 1941, when they occupied the Serbian town of Užice and proclaimed a liberated Užice Republic.
After the Partisans were forced to retreat into the mountains of Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, they attracted enough recruits to designate themselves the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), with elite Proletarian Brigades selected for their fighting abilities, ideological commitment, and all-Yugoslav character. While the ethnic composition of partisan units varied widely over time and between regions, Tito's followers on the whole were Serbs. In November 1942 Tito demonstrated the strength of his movement by convening the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia, which eventually became a provisional government. During 1943, the Partisans gained significant ground by spearheading the fight against Axis occupation, while simultaneously paving the way for Socialist Revolution by crushing the Chetniks. In May, the Partisans evaded a large-scale Axis offensive against them. Fearful that a powerful resistance force might encourage the Allies to invade the Balkan Peninsula, the Germans and Italians led seven major offensives against the PLA. The turning point of the war came in May 1943, when Partisans escaped encirclement in Herzegovina by forcing an exit up the Sutjeska Gorge. The battle of Sutjeska was of first importance in persuading the Allies to switch their support from the royalists to the communists. Anglo-American and Soviet arms and equipment thenceforth were supplied in ever-increasing amounts. The Italian surrender in the fall of 1943 relieved the military pressure on the Partisans, who also benefited from the capture of considerable supplies of munitions and equipment. By the end of 1943 the PLA had grown to an estimated 300,000 troops and had diverted a significant number of enemy forces from other Allied fronts. In October 1944 Partisans took part in the liberation of Belgrade by the Soviet Red Army; they were then able to focus their campaigns against the Chetniks and other Yugoslav collaborators.



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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/2/2019 7:47:37 PM   
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Status: offline 		"Résistance" when it first began in the summer of 1940 was based upon what the writer Jean Cassou called "refus absurde" (absurd refusal) of refusing to accept that the Reich would win and even if it did, it was better to resist. "La Résistance" was the collection of French movements that fought against the German occupation of France and the collaborationist Vichy régime during the Second World War. Resistance cells were small groups of armed men and women (called the Maquis in rural areas), who, in addition to their guerrilla warfare activities, were also publishers of underground newspapers, providers of first-hand intelligence information, and maintainers of escape networks that helped Allied soldiers and airmen trapped behind enemy lines. A major problem for the Resistance was that, with the exception of a number of Army officers who chose to go underground together with veterans of the Spanish Civil War, none had any military experience. A further difficulty was the shortage of weapons.
From May 1941, Freney founded Combat, one of the first Resistance groups. For security reasons, Combat was divided into a series of cells that were unaware of each other. In the summer of 1940, many les Cheminots (railroad workers) engaged in impromptu resistance by helping French soldiers wishing to continue the struggle together with British, Belgian and Polish soldiers stranded in France escape from the occupied zone into the unoccupied zone or Spain.
On 22 Jun 1941, all communist groups in France merged into a larger group, showing the rest of the resistance groups the effectiveness of more coordinated resistance actions. The military strength of the communists was still relatively feeble at the end of 1941, but the rapid growth of the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans (FTP), a radical armed movement, ensured that French communists regained their reputation as an effective anti-fascist force.
Eventually, on 27 May 1943, leaders of all separate and fragmented Resistance organizations were gathered and coordinated by Jean Moulin under the auspices of the National Council of Resistance (CNR), de Gaulle's formal link to the irregulars throughout occupied France.



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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/3/2019 8:51:36 PM   
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Status: offline 		The Greek Resistance is the blanket term for a number of armed and unarmed groups from across the political spectrum that resisted the Axis occupation of Greece in the period 1941–1944, during World War II. It is considered as one of the strongest resistance movements in German-occupied Europe.
The rise of resistance movements in Greece was precipitated by the invasion and occupation of Greece by Germany (and its allies Italy and Bulgaria) from 1941–44. The first confirmed resistance act in Greece had taken place on the night of 30 May 1941, even before the end of the Battle of Crete. The first wider resistance movements occurred in northern Greece, where the Bulgarians annexed Greek territories. The first mass uprising occurred around the town of Drama in eastern Macedonia, in the Bulgarian occupation zone. During the night of 28–29 September 1941 the people of Drama and its outskirts rose up. This badly-organized revolt was suppressed by the Bulgarian Army.
Greece is a mountainous country, with a long tradition in andartiko ("guerrilla warfare"), dating back to the days of the klephts (anti-Turkish bandits) of the Ottoman period, who often enjoyed folk-hero status. Armed groups consisted of andartes ("guerillas") first appeared in the mountains of Macedonia by October 1941. The first major resistance group to be founded was the National Liberation Front (EAM). On February 16, 1942, EAM gave permission to a communist veteran, called Athanasios (Thanasis) Klaras (later known as Aris Velouchiotis) to examine the possibilities of a victorious armed resistance movement. Soon the first andartes (guerrillas) joined ELAS and many battles were fought and won against both the Italians and Germans.
Until the summer of 1942, the occupation authorities had been little troubled by the armed Resistance, which was still in its infancy. From that point, however, the Resistance gained pace. Armed groups attacked and disarmed local gendarmerie stations and isolated Italian outposts, or toured the villages and gave patriotic speeches.These developments emerged most dramatically as the Greek Resistance announced its presence to the world with one of the war's most spectacular sabotage acts, the blowing up of the Gorgopotamos railway bridge, linking northern and southern Greece, on 25 November 1942. By the late spring of 1943, the Axis forces and their collaborators remained in control only of the main towns and the connecting roads, with the interior left to the andartes. This was "Free Greece", stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Aegean and from the borders of the German zone in Macedonia to Boeotia. The Italian capitulation in September 1943 provided a windfall for the Resistance, as the Italian Army in many places simply disintegrated. In many places significant amounts of weaponry and equipment, as well as men, fell into the hands of the Resistance.




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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/4/2019 6:12:05 PM   
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Status: offline 		After the first shock following the Blitzkrieg, people slowly started to get organized, both locally and on a larger scale, especially when Jews and other groups were starting to be deported and used for the Arbeitseinsatz (forced labor for the Germans). Organization was dangerous, so much resistance was done by individuals. The possibilities depended much on the terrain; where there were large tracts of uninhabited land, especially hills and forests, resistance could more easily get organised undetected. This favoured in particular the Soviet partisans in Eastern Europe. In the much more densely populated Netherlands, the Biesbosch wilderness could be used to go into hiding. In northern Italy, both the Alps and the Apennines offered shelter to partisan brigades, though many groups operated directly inside the major cities.
There were many different types of "partisans" groups, ranging in activity from humanitarian aid to armed resistance, and sometimes cooperating to a varying degree. Resistance usually arose spontaneously, but was encouraged and helped mainly from London and Moscow.
Various forms of resistance were developed. The Arbeitseinsatz ("Work Contribution") forced locals to work for the Germans, but work was often done slowly or intentionally badly. There were also other forms of sabotage based on existing organizations, such as the churches, students, communists and doctors (professional resistance) They were made raids on distribution offices to get food coupons or various documents such as Ausweise or on birth registry offices to get rid of information about Jews and others to whom the Nazis paid special attention.
It was achieved temporary liberation of areas, such as in Yugoslavia, Paris, and northern Italy, occasionally in cooperation with the Allied forces, or uprisings such as in Warsaw in 1943 and 1944, and in extermination camps such as in Sobibor in 1943 and Auschwitz in 1944. Also occurred continuing battle and guerrilla warfare, such as the partisans in the USSR and Yugoslavia and the Maquis in France.
The espionage was another way to fight the invader, including sending reports of military importance (e.g. troop movements, weather reports etc.)





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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/5/2019 10:13:53 PM   
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Status: offline 		Mordechaj Anielewicz: (1919-1943) Was the leader of the Jewish Fighting Organization, which led the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; the largest Jewish insurrection during the Second World War, which inspired further rebellions in both ghettos and extermination camps. His image represents Jewish resistance during the Holocaust.

Alexander Pechersky: (1909 – 1990) Was the leader of the mass-escape of Jews of the Sobibor extermination camp on 14 October 1943. After, for over a year, Pechersky fought with the Yehiel's Group partisans as a demolition expert and later with the Soviet group of Voroshilov Partisans, until the Red Army drove out the Germans from Belarus. As an escaped POW, Pechersky was conscripted into a special penal battalions and was sent to the front to fight German forces in some of the toughest engagements of the war. For fighting the Germans as part of the penal battalions, Pechersky was promoted to the rank of captain and received a medal for bravery.

Max Manus: (1914 – 1996) Was a Norwegian resistance fighter during World War II, specialising in sabotage in occupied Norway. After fighting as a volunteer for Finland in the Soviet-Finnish Winter War of 1939–40, Manus returned to Norway on the day of the German invasion of Norway, 9 April 1940. He joined up with the Norwegian Army and went to fight in a volunteer detachment with the Finns against the Russians. He was twice awarded Norway's highest decoration for military gallantry, the War Cross with sword.

Petr Braiko: (1919– 2018) Was a Soviet soldier who gained the status of Hero of the Soviet Union. He took part in seven raids by the guerrilla brigade of Sydir Kovpak. He entered action on June 22, 1941 as a Soviet border guard on the border with Romania. He would come to spend years deep behind enemy lines where he took guidance from Soviet guerrilla leaders in Ukraine including Sydir Kovpak, Semyon Rudnev and Pyotr Vershigora.

Manolis Glezos: (1922, 97 years old) On 30 May 1941 Glezos and Apostolos Santas climbed on the Acropolis and tore down the swastika, which had been there since 27 April 1941. Glezos was arrested by the German occupation forces on 24 March 1942 and was subjected to imprisonment and torture. As a result of his treatment, he was affected by tuberculosis. He was arrested on 21 April 1943 by the Italian occupation forces and spent three months in jail.



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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/6/2019 6:50:34 PM   
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Status: offline 		Josip Broz Tito (1892 - 1980) Commander in Chief of all Yugoslav national liberation military forces
Tadeusz Bor-Komorowski: (1895–1966) Polish Armia Krajowa commander, and in 1943 Brigadier-General

Sydir Kovpak (1887 - 1967) In 1944 partisans under Kovaak's leadership raided enemy forces throughout western Ukraine and Belarus. Hero of the Soviet Union title twice. Major General in 1943

Pyotr Vershigora (1905 – 1963) Leader of 1st Ukrainian Partisan Division. Was Major General in 1944

Alexander Saburov (1908 - 1974) Hero of the Soviet Union on 18 May 1942. Was Major General in 1944

Oleksiy Fedorov (1901 - 1989) Hero of the Soviet Union twice. Chernigov partisan unit by March 1942 had sixteen engagements with the enemy and killed over a thousand German troops. Was Major General in 1944

Yitzhak Arad (1926 - age 92) In the ghetto from 1942 to 1944 with Markov Brigade. Brigadier General.

Marek Edelman (1922 - 2009) Jewish Combat Organization leader in the Warsaw Ghetto. Commander in 1943

Martin Linge (1894 – 1941) Commander of the 1st Norwegian Independent Company. War Cross with sword.

Luigi Longo (1900 – 1980) Garibaldi Brigades Commander, of the partisan communist forces in the Italia

Dawid Apfelbaum (? - 1943) During the Warsaw Ghetto, Captain Apfelbaum was commander of a squad who took part in the heavy fighting in defense of the Muranowski Square. He was promoted to the rank of Major

Witold Pilecki (1901 – 1948) Served as a captain with the Polish Army and member of the underground Home Army (Armia Krajowa). He took part as a combatant in the Warsaw Uprising in August–October 1944

Pierre Brossolette (1903 - 1944) How captain received two citations for the French War Cross. Major in 1942

Walter Audisio (1909–1973) Possibly was the executioner of Benito Mussolini. Inspector of the Garibaldi Brigades. The "Colonnello Valerio" was the principal figure of the Italian resistance movement in Milan

Pyotr Masherov (1918 – 1980) Hero of the Soviet Union. He led a group of Soviet partisans in Belarus

Imants Sudmalis (1916 – 1944) Hero of the Soviet Union. He was awarded with two Orders of Lenin

Anthony Morris Brooks (1922 – 2007) Was a SOE British agent. He received the Distinguished Service Order, Military Cross, Croix de guerre, and Légion d'honneur. He ended the war as a Major

Gunnar Sonsteby (1918 - 2012) Was the "Agent 24" in the SOE. He enrolled in the Linge Company, and he also became head of the newly established Oslo Gang, a sabotage group "the best group of saboteurs in Europe"

Semyon Rudniev (1899 – 1943) Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin. Was a leader of Soviet partisans and People's Commissar of partisan group operating in Ukraine. Was Major General in 1943

Nikolai Kuznetsov (1911 – 1944) Hero of the Soviet Union. Was a Soviet intelligence agent (NKVD) and partisan. In 1942, he fought as a member of the guerrilla group "Victors"




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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/7/2019 7:14:04 PM   
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Status: offline 		The initial concept of partisan warfare involved the use of troops raised from the local population in a war zone (or in some cases regular forces) who would operate behind enemy lines to disrupt communications, seize posts or villages as forward-operating bases, ambush convoys, impose war taxes or contributions, raid logistical stockpiles, and compel enemy forces to disperse and protect their base of operations.
Among the most notable resistance movements were the Polish Resistance, including the Polish Home Army, Leśni, and the whole Polish Underground State; Yugoslav Partisans, the Soviet partisans, the Italian Resistenza led mainly by the Italian CLN; the French Resistance, the Belgian Resistance, the Norwegian Resistance, the Danish Resistance, the Greek Resistance, the Czech resistance, the Albanian resistance, the Dutch Resistance especially the "LO" (national hiding organization) and the politically persecuted opposition in Germany itself (there were 16 main resistance groups and at least 27 failed attempts to assassinate Hitler with many more planned): in short, across German-occupied Europe. An example is the Bielski partisans, that were a unit of Jewish partisans who rescued Jews from extermination and fought the German occupiers and their collaborators around Nowogródek (Navahrudak) and Lida (now in western Belarus) in German-occupied Poland. The partisan unit was named after the Bielskis, a family of Polish Jews who organized and led the organization. The five largest resistance movements in Europe were the Dutch, the French, the Polish, the Soviet and the Yugoslav; overall their size can be seen as comparable, particularly in the years 1941-1944.
While historians and governments of some European countries have attempted to portray resistance to German occupation as widespread among their populations, only a small minority of people participated in organized resistance, estimated at one to three percent of the population of countries in western Europe. In eastern Europe where German rule was more oppressive, a larger percentage of people were in organized resistance movements, for example, an estimated 10-15 percent of the Polish population. Passive resistance by non-cooperation with the occupiers was much more common.
The superior, armed power of the German regime posed a major obstacle to the resistance of mostly unarmed civilians from the very beginning of the German takeover of Germany. It is important to remember that at the outbreak of war in September 1939, Poland was overrun in a few weeks. France, attacked on May 10, 1940, fell only six weeks later. Clearly, if two powerful nations with standing armies could not resist the onslaught of the Germans, the possibilities of success were narrow for mostly unarmed civilians who had limited access to weapons. Also, the German tactic of “collective responsibility” held entire families and communities responsible for individual acts of armed and unarmed resistance.




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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/8/2019 5:15:39 PM   
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Status: offline 		"The enemy advances, we retreat; the enemy encamps, we harass; the enemy tires, we attack; the enemy retreats, we pursue." This is the essence of guerrilla warfare practiced by partisans during World War II.
Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility, to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military. Guerrilla groups are a type of violent non-state actor. Guerrilla warfare is a type of asymmetric warfare: competition between opponents of unequal strength. It is also a type of irregular warfare: that is, it aims not simply to defeat an enemy, but to win popular support and political influence, to the enemy's cost. Accordingly, guerrilla strategy aims to magnify the impact of a small, mobile force on a larger, more-cumbersome one. If successful, guerrillas weaken their enemy by attrition, eventually forcing them to withdraw.
Tactically, guerrillas usually avoid confrontation with large units and formations of enemy troops, but seek and attack small groups of enemy personnel and resources to gradually deplete the opposing force while minimizing their own losses. The guerrilla prizes mobility, secrecy, and surprise, organizing in small units and taking advantage of terrain that is difficult for larger units to use. In addition to traditional military methods, guerrilla groups may rely also on destroying infrastructure, using improvised explosive devices. They typically also rely on logistical and political support from the local population and foreign backers, are often embedded within it, and many guerrilla groups are adept at public persuasion through propaganda.
Contrary to some terrorist groups, guerrillas usually work in open positions as armed units, try to hold and seize land, do not refrain from fighting enemy military force in battle and usually apply pressure to control or dominate territory and population. While the primary concern of guerrillas is the enemy's active military units, terrorists largely are concerned with non-military agents and target mostly civilians. Guerrilla forces principally fight in accordance with the law of war.




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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/9/2019 7:49:24 PM   
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Status: offline 		The Bren gun, usually called simply the Bren, are a series of light machine guns (LMG) made by Britain in the 1930s and used in various roles until 1992. While best known for its role as the British and Commonwealth forces' primary infantry LMG in World War II, it was also used in the Korean War and saw service throughout the latter half of the 20th century, including the 1982 Falklands War.
The Bren was a licensed version of the Czechoslovak ZGB 33 light machine gun which, in turn, was a modified version of the ZB vz. 26, which British Army officials had tested during a firearms service competition in the 1930s. The later Bren featured a distinctive top-mounted curved box magazine, conical flash hider, and quick change barrel. The name Bren was derived from Brno, the Czechoslovak city in Moravia, where the Zb vz. 26 was designed (in the Zbrojovka Brno Factory) and Enfield, site of the British Royal Small Arms Factory. The designer was Václav Holek, a gun inventor and design engineer.
Although was designed to hold 30 rounds of .303” and care had to be taken during loading to ensure that the cartridge case rim was in front of the previous rim, it was found to be far more reliable if only 28 rounds were loaded into the magazine. The gun had a cyclic rate of fire of 500 rounds per minute and 25 magazines were issued per gun. A spare barrel was carried and this could he changed in 2 to 3 seconds but it was not uncommon to see the barrel glow with heat. The method used to try to cool the replaced barrel was often by unconventional methods, but the rapid change barrel using the carrying handle was a godsend to prolonged fire.
Generally, the Bren was fired from the prone position using the attached bipod. On occasion, a Bren gunner would use his weapon on the move supported by a sling, much like an automatic rifle, and from standing or kneeling positions. Using the sling, Australian soldiers regularly fired the Bren from the hip, for instance in the marching fire tactic, a form of suppressive fire moving forward in assault.
It was "by general consent the finest light machine gun in the world of its period, and the most useful weapon provided to the French "maquis" ... accurate up to 1,000 meters, and it could withstand immense maltreatment and unskilled use. "Resistants" were constantly pleading for maximum drops of Brens".
Since Bren guns had been made the principle machine gun of the front line infantry, it was not surprising that the first British soldier to land in France during the 1944 Normandy invasion was a Bren gunner. At 0002 hours on 6 Jun 1944, Private William Gray of D Company of 2nd Battalion of the airborne infantry regiment Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry arrived by glider to ensure those who landed after him would have the benefit of cover fire from his Bren gun should there be such need immediately upon landing.




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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/10/2019 6:03:38 PM   
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Status: offline 		The Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) is a family of American automatic rifles and machine guns used by the United States and numerous other countries during the 20th century. The primary variant of the BAR series was the M1918, chambered for the .30-06 Springfield rifle cartridge and designed by John Browning in 1917 for the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe as a replacement for the French-made Chauchat and M1909 Benét–Mercié machine guns that US forces had previously been issued.
The BAR was designed to be carried by infantrymen during an assault advance while supported by the sling over the shoulder, or to be fired from the hip. This is a concept called "walking fire"—thought to be necessary for the individual soldier during trench warfare. The BAR never entirely lived up to the original hopes of the war department as either a rifle or a machine gun.
The U.S. Army, in practice, used the BAR as a light machine gun, often fired from a bipod (introduced on models after 1938). A variant of the original M1918 BAR, the Colt Monitor Machine Rifle, remains the lightest production automatic firearm chambered for the .30-06 Springfield cartridge, though the limited capacity of its standard 20-round magazine tended to hamper its utility in that role. Although the weapon did see some action in World War I, the BAR did not become standard issue in the US Army until 1938, when it was issued to squads as a portable light machine gun.
During World War II, the BAR saw extensive service, both official and unofficial, with many branches of service. Following World War I, Poland, newly independent after nearly a century and a quarter of foreign occupation, needed to build a national military. The Polish military demanded their own specifications for the BAR including the fittings for an antiaircraft sight. Going into production in 1929, FN produced the first 10,000 Polish BARs themselves, designated by the Polish military as the wz.28 (Model of 1928). The Polish government would later negotiate a contract with Colt and FN to manufacture at their own convenience an additional 12,000–13,000 wz.28s at the State Rifle Factory in Warsaw. The Polish wz.28 saw action during the Spanish Civil War, Hitler’s 1939 invasion of Poland, and the Warsaw Uprising of 1944, as well as a variety of Resistance operations. The Resistance initially had few weapons—obsolete World War I pistols, a few hunting rifles and shotguns—and even fewer people who knew how to use them. Nor was there any way to get more guns until the British began air-dropping weapons, ammunition, explosives and other supplies in 1943. As a testament to John Browning’s design, captured Polish wz.28s were gladly 18 put to frontline use by both German and Soviet troops.




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