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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/11/2019 5:24:38 PM

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The Fusil-mitrailleur Modèle 1924 M29 was the standard light machine gun of the French Army from 1925 until the 1960s. It fires the French 7.5×54mm round which is equivalent in ballistics and striking power to the later 7.62×51mm NATO and 7.62×54mm cartridge. A robust and reliable weapon partly derived from the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) action, the FM 1924 M29 soldiered on, practically without interruptions, for more than 50 years.
The Chatellerault FM Mle 1924-29 was the French military’s replacement for the 1915 Chauchat automatic rifle. After testing of all the major designs available (Madsen, BAR, Hotchkiss, Lewis and Berthier), the Chatellerault was designed with the best parts of the Hotchkiss and BAR. It fed from a 25-round magazine, with a deliberately slow 450 RPM rate of fire. The FM Mle 1924 entered production in late July 1925 and saw first operational use in Morocco in May 1926. It was immediately well-received and even favorably compared in performance with the much heavier Hotchkiss machine gun. However, problems created by the new 7.5mm ammunition did appear. In particular, 8×57mm Mauser ammunition which was used in captured Mauser rifles carried by auxiliaries in Morocco during the Rif War from 1920–26, could be chambered and fired with disastrous results. This situation led to the development of a slightly shorter 7.5×54mm round, which was retained in 1929 as the standard ammunition for all future rifles and light machine guns in French service. The modified fusil-mitrailleur modèle 1924 modifié 1929 (FM Mle 1924 M29) was mass-manufactured (187,412), beginning in 1930. In addition to these newly manufactured guns some 45,530 older FM Mle 1924s, already in service after phasing out the notoriously unreliable Chauchat, were rebarreled in order to accept the newer 7.5×54mm ammunition. The FM 24/29 was the standard squad-level automatic weapon of the French infantry and cavalry at the start of World War II. After the French surrender in World War II, the Germans captured large quantities of this weapon, which they used operationally until the end of the war. From 1943 on, as the French army was re-equipped and reorganized in North Africa with Allied support, the FM 24/29 was kept in service, as French troops considered it superior to the Browning Automatic Rifle.
The need for more weapons became urgent once the Milice began operating in what had been the Occupied Zone, and as the Resistance threat increased in anticipation of the Western Allies' landings to begin the liberation of France. From the spring of 1943 the Milice were operating throughout the whole country, and this increased tempo of operations, culminating in full mobilization of all part-time francs-gardes in June 1944, put an increasing strain on Milice resources. A significant contribution was made by releasing the captured arsenal of British and US weapons, ammunition and grenades from intercepted Allied air-drops.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/12/2019 5:51:37 PM

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A Molotov cocktail, also known as a petrol bomb or just Molotov, is a generic name used for a variety of bottle-based improvised incendiary weapons. A Molotov cocktail is a breakable glass bottle containing a flammable substance such as gasoline, alcohol or a napalm-like mixture, with some motor oil added, and usually a source of ignition such as a burning cloth wick held in place by the bottle's stopper. The wick is usually soaked in alcohol or kerosene, rather than petrol.
Incendiary bottles are one of the simplest and most reliable means for destroying tanks, armored cars, transport trucks, warehouses, landed airplanes, and enemies in cover. In the hands of a brave partisan, they are a fearsome weapon. Skilled and sudden use can not only strike the enemy, but cause panic and compromise enemy organization.
When the bottles hit a solid object, the bottle breaks, and the liquid inside of it ignites, either with a match attached to the bottle, a special metallic igniter, or a capsule inside the bottle. In action, the wick is lit and the bottle hurled at a target such as a vehicle or fortification. When the bottle smashes on impact, the ensuing cloud of fuel droplets and vapor is ignited by the attached wick, causing an immediate fireball followed by spreading flames as the remainder of the fuel is consumed. Other flammable liquids such as diesel fuel, methanol, turpentine, jet fuel, and isopropyl alcohol have been used in place of, or combined with petrol. Thickening agents such as solvents, foam polystyrene, baking soda, petroleum jelly, tar, strips of tire tubing, nitrocellulose, XPS foam, motor oil, rubber cement, detergent and dish soap have been added to help the burning liquid adhere to the target and create clouds of thick, choking smoke.
To destroy the enemy tanks with bottles, each partisan carried 3 bottles, one with liquid KS and two with liquid # 1 and # 3. The partisan had to position himself in a trench, crevice, crater of shells, or any other concealment, camouflage and hide from bullets and shrapnel. The partisan had to watch the movements of the tanks. When they approached, the partisan had prepared their bottles to throw them. When the tank or cart is 15-20 meters away, the partisan takes a KS bottle, holds the cylindrical part and throws it into the tank, followed by one or two bottles # 1 and # 3. Bottles # 1 and # 3 can be held by the neck, if it is more comfortable. The partisans had to throw the bottles while they were standing or crouching, aiming at their target. They pointed to the engine (a tank has it in the back, an armored car in the front), observation ports, poorly sealed hatches; 2-3 well-placed bottles can ignite the tank or cart.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/13/2019 5:26:09 PM

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The PTRD-41 was an anti-tank rifle produced and used from early 1941 by the Soviet Red Army during World War II. It was a single-shot weapon which fired a 14.5×114mm round. Although unable to penetrate the frontal armor of German tanks, it could penetrate the thinner sides of early-war German tanks as well as thinly armored self-propelled guns.
In 1939 the USSR captured several hundred Polish Model 35 anti-tank rifles, which had proved effective in the September Campaign when Poland was invaded by Germany. Vasily Degtyaryov copied its lock and several features of the German Panzerbüchse 38 when hasty construction of an anti-tank rifle was ordered in July 1941.
The PTRD and the similar but semi-automatic PTRS-41 were the only individual anti-tank weapon available to the Red Army in numbers upon the outbreak of the war with Germany. The 14.5 mm armor-piercing bullet had a muzzle velocity of 1,012 m/s. It could penetrate an armor plate up to 35 to thick at a distance of 100 meters at 0 degrees. During the initial invasion, and indeed throughout the war, most German tanks had side armor thinner. However, due to the high velocity and small size of the round, it had a very high chance of shattering or utterly failing against armor it should have penetrated, especially if the target was struck at an oblique angle.
Due to the obsolescence and inadequate ability against tanks, PTRD users were instructed to attempt to shoot view ports rather than actually try to penetrate the vehicles'armour. Despite the good range of fire, this tactic was quickly found ineffective due to the absence of telescopic sights: the simple mechanical iron sights did not allow for proper aiming at the required distances. The muzzle brake, however effective, kicked up a very visible cloud of dust or snow and debris and served to give away the position of the PTRD team. After poor results against the enemy tanks the PTRD and PTRS were finally relegated to anti-materiel duty in 1943[citation needed] as they were still effective against lesser armored vehicles such as armored half-tracks, armored cars and unarmored vehicles. Guns captured by the Germans were given the designation 14.5 mm PaB 783(r).
The PTRD suffered from numerous flaws; the most notable are the lack of penetration versus enemy vehicles and inability to aim accurately with a telescopic sight, which frustrated PTRD teams, its size and weight which hampered its mobility and deployment, and its immense muzzle blast which gave away the unit's firing position. The PTRD also would occasionally jam during shell ejection, leading to a practice of dipping shells in oil before loading. The PTRD was eventually replaced by the RPG series of anti-tank rocket launchers.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/14/2019 6:08:14 PM

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In 1927 Soviet weapons engineer Vasily Alekseyevich Degtyaryov submitted his prototype for what is commonly refer to as the DP-28 Light Machine Gun. The DP-27 was an improvement of the earlier DP-26, both designed by Vasily Degtyaryov. The Degtyaryov machine gun DP-28 is a light machine gun firing the 7.62×54mmR cartridge that was primarily used by the Soviet Union starting in 1928. His new design was exactly what the Red Army was looking for – a highly portable machine gun to serve in support of Infantry attacks. The new machine gun was made by the thousands at the V.A. Degtyarev Weapons Plant located in Kovrov, Russia. The DP-27 was relatively cheap and easy to manufacture – early models had fewer than 80 parts. The DP was especially able to withstand dirt in a reliable fashion. It featured a flapper-locked breech and was gas-operated by way of a long-stroke gas piston. It fed from a narrow, 47-round pan magazine, which gave it its nickname — “record player.” The DP-28’s charging handle was beneath the receiver on the right-hand side. It ejected from the bottom of the receiver. It had a grip safety that protruded from just behind the trigger guard. The DP-28 weighed nine kilograms unloaded and fired between 500 and 600 rounds per minute.
One of the DP's main drawbacks though was its bipod; it could not withstand much abuse and broke easily. Furthermore, the recoil spring was located under the barrel, around the gas piston; this was one of the design problems of the DP, since the spring tended to lose its temper due to overheating. Also, the pan with 47 rounds that fed in from the top, was relatively small and continuous fire for long periods could not be relied on as much as contemporary belt-fed weapons. The ammunition was troublesome for automatic fire. Degtyarov had to use a flat pan magazine, which could feed those cartridges reliably, but was too heavy itself, uncomfortable to carry and prone to damage. Due to the design of the magazine, reloading an empty magazine with cartridges took a very long time. A redeeming factor was that the DP's lower cyclic rate of fire did reduce the risk of barrel overheating. To address the flaws, the Soviets modified the DP in 1943, re-designating it the DPM. DPM, modernized version adopted in 1943–44, with a more robust bipod fastened to the cooling jacket and the recoil spring housed in a tube projecting from the rear of the receiver which necessitated a pistol grip for this model of the weapon. This necessitated a new stock design that incorporated a pistol grip. This change also improved the balance and handling of the gun when firing from the bipod. The Soviet Union manufactured nearly 800,000 DPs and variants. Soviet premier Joseph Stalin made Degtyaryov a Hero of Socialist Labor in 1940. He rose to the rank of major general of engineering and artillery in the Soviet army before dying in 1949 at the age of 69.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/15/2019 6:39:01 PM

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The Soviet RGD-33 is an anti-personnel fragmentation stick grenade developed in 1933. It was designed to replace the ageing Model 1914 grenade and was used during World War II. The grenade was complicated to use and manufacture. After the German invasion of the USSR, the simple and crude RG-42 was developed to slowly replace it.
The grenade was unusual but not unique, in that it had an optional "jacket" – a thick metal fragmentation sleeve weighing an average of 270 grams. When fitted over the grenade the sleeve improves the kill radius by producing a number of diamond-shaped, heavier fragments. With the jacket installed the grenade was said to be in "defensive" mode. The grenade was composed of three separate pieces that were stored in different crates until use: the warhead and sleeve, spring-loaded handle, and fuse tube. They were assembled and issued only before combat. The operator arms the fuse by flipping the switch to the left, exposing the red dot. The operator then throws the grenade; a good throw could send the grenade 30 to 40 meters. The forward momentum of the head and the spring-loaded handle cause the fuse clip to drop back and then move forward, striking the fuse and beginning the time delay. Upon detonation the shell fragments in rectangular, thin fragments, which, along with the casing and detonator fragments, decelerate rapidly in air. Due to the fragments' rapid loss of velocity, the kill radius is small, making this grenade an "offensive" type. The fragmentation kill radius was approximately 15 meters with the sleeve and 10 meters without. As with most grenades of this era, there is potential for large fragment projection a great distance further than the throw.
The Soviet RG-42 was a fragmentation grenade designed by S.G. Korshunov. It was originally introduced during World War II from 1942 onwards as an emergency measure to replace the complex RGD-33 grenade. It continued in use with the USSR and its Warsaw Pact allies in the post-war period until replaced in 1954 by the RGD-5 grenade. Stockpiles were held for emergency or reserve issue, military aid, or foreign sales. They were eventually destroyed in the 1980s due to the TNT filling degrading and becoming unsafe.
Unlike the RGD-33, the RG-42's components were simple to produce and assemble. Only the fuse required specialized manufacture and the parts could be easily assembled by hand by cottage labor. Partisans often made copies of the simple design when out of contact. It contained about 200 grams of explosive charge (TNT) in a cylindrical stamped-metal can. It used the 3.2 to 4 second UZRGM fuse, also used in the RGD-5, RG-41, and F1 grenades. The grenade could be thrown about 35–40 meters and has an effective blast radius of around 10 meters. The total weight of the grenade with the fuse was about 500 grams.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/16/2019 6:07:53 PM

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The ZB vz. 26 was a Czechoslovak light machine gun developed in the 1920s. It saw its major use during World War II, and spawned the related ZB vz. 27, vz. 30, and vz. 33. The ZB vz. 26 influenced many other light machine gun designs including the Bren light machine gun and the Type 96 Light Machine Gun. The ZB-26 is famous for its reliability, simple components, quick-change barrel and ease of manufacturing.
The ZB-26 saw service with the Czechoslovak infantry from 1928. It was exported to twenty-four European, South American and Asian countries, both in its original form and in the slightly improved ZB-30 version. Large batches of ZB light machine guns went to Bolivia, Bulgaria, China, Romania, Turkey and Yugoslavia. Lithunia and Yugoslavia were the first users to adopt the gun, before the Czechoslovak Army. The Wehrmacht soon adopted the ZB-26 after the occupation of Czechoslovakia, renaming it the MG 26(t). In its most famous incarnation, the ZB-26 was modified by ZB and British technicians, entering service as the famous Bren gun.
The partisans took whatever arms they could obtain. In every area it would be assorted Polish, Checks and Soviet arms commonly available in 1939-1941. The partisans did not openly attack Germans much because they weren't strong enough. They usually attacked only easy targets, and thence they wouldn't have many German weapons. In fact, not everyone in the regiment had a gun. The situation would change in 1943, when the Soviets consolidated the partisan movement and started sending trained fighters and supplies across the frontline. Until 1944, when the Partisans began to receive more sophisticated Allied weapons and ammunition, they fought a guerrilla war in which rifles and hand grenades were the main.
Not until the beginning of 1943 did a considerable number of well-armed German units begin to fight an anti-guerrilla war in the Balkans. The Partisans' main source of guns and automatic weapons was what they managed to capture from the enemy. Light machine guns were particularly valued but were difficult to come by. Lack of ammunition was a chronic problem and the difficulties were increased by the number of different calibers needed; the most commonly used on the Yugoslav battlefield were Italian 6.5 and 8mm, German 7.92mm, Soviet 7.62mm and British 7.7mm. It is of interest that the first brigades founded in 1942 had an average of 800-900 rifles, 20-30 heavy and light machine guns and 40-50 cartridges per Partisan soldier which was hardly sufficient for an attack against any sizeable enemy position. Any attack that failed would put a brigade out of action until it was able to capture another supply of ammunition. Careful management of ammunition was one of the basic principles of Partisan warfare, which clashed with the use of automatic weapons. Not until the second half of the war did ammunition become more plentiful. The rare sub-machine guns were used by couriers or at headquarters for close-range defense.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/17/2019 8:15:43 PM

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The RPG-40 was an anti-tank hand grenade developed by the Soviet Union in 1940. Its anti-tank capability came from blast effect produced by the detonation upon contact of 760 grams of explosive contained in it. This effect enabled about 20 mm of armor to be penetrated, and secondary damage, such as spelling, by contact with thicker armor. This made the grenade very effective against earlier German tanks, but ineffective against later models, such as the Panzer IV and the Panzer V, leading to the RPG-43 replacing it in 1943.
The RPG-43 was a high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) hand grenade that entered service in 1943, replacing the earlier model RPG-40. The RPG-43 used a shaped charge HEAT warhead, whereas the RPG-40 used the simpler HE (high explosive) warhead. The RPG-43 had a penetration of around 75 mm of rolled homogeneous armor at a 90 degree angle. Later in the war, it was improved and became the RPG-6.
During the early days of Operation Barbarossa, the USSR's only infantry anti-armor weapons were anti-tank rifles, anti-tank guns, and the RPG-40. These were adequate against early German tanks such as the Panzer I and Panzer II but, as the war progressed, they were found to be nearly useless against the heavier Panthers and Tigers. The RPG-43 was developed as a result, and it was produced in large numbers until the end of the war. The RPG-43 externally was shaped like an oversized stick grenade with a 95 mm HEAT warhead on the end. It weighed 1.247 kg of which 612 g was high explosive. When thrown, a cylindrical metal cone was released from the rear of the grenade and held by fabric strips to stabilize flight and increase the likelihood of a 90 degree hit. Its range was limited by how far the user could throw it, and was obviously shorter than the contemporary rocket-propelled US Bazooka and recoilless German Panzerfaust, so that the user had to get closer and was in more danger of being seen. However, it was much smaller than rocket weapons and produced no sound, smoke, or light when launched, and therefore did not betray the thrower's position. Despite its limitations, it was cheap and quick to manufacture, allowing it to become the main Soviet infantry anti-tank weapon of World War II.
Overall the RPG-43 was an awkward and difficult weapon to use effectively. To use it, the user had to get within throwing range of an enemy tank, which was often dangerous. Despite having a powerful warhead, it took a skilled user to make the most of it as, like all shaped-charge weapons, it was effective only if the striking angle was close to 90 degrees. It also had to hit hard enough to detonate the impact fuse, or it would bounce harmlessly off the tank.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/18/2019 6:18:58 PM

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A satchel charge is a demolition device, primarily intended for combat, whose primary components are a charge of dynamite or a more potent explosive such as C-4 plastic explosive, a carrying device functionally similar to a satchel or messenger bag, and a triggering mechanism; the term covers both improvised and formally designed devices.
Partisans and insurgents who had the backing of official governments used sabotage extensively. Since many times the saboteurs melted into the general populace, the enemy could only speculate as to who they were. To help alleviate the possibility of reprisal, the saboteurs ensured the act of sabotage occurred away from civilian concentrations. This was done by either going to remote areas to commit the sabotage or by using time delays on their explosive/incendiary devices, thus allowing the target to travel away from the civilian concentrations before being destroyed.
The ability to acquire material for sabotage had an impact on a force's reliance on using sabotage. Procuring supplies for sabotage, was done in the following ways: purchase, theft, manufacturing, collections from the populace, parachute drops and previous wartime equipment. People went to the legal market to obtain material from which sabotage material could be derived. Obviously, raids on factories, warehouses, convoys, or depots yielded a vast amount of material. One of the most common means of obtaining sabotage equipment was that of manufacturing it yourself. Grenades, incendiaries, explosives, and mines were but a few of the types of equipment produced by saboteurs or their supporters. The Poles' ingenuity in using basic resources to make sabotage weaponry illustrated the ease of making sabotage instruments. Parachute drops were often used to supply saboteurs into World War II, such as in Yugoslavia. A final source of material for sabotage was wartime equipment stored from previous conflicts. Again, the Yugoslavians provided an example of this when they took the arsenal left by the Italians after Italy fell.
The guerrilla forces often received help from outside governments in the form of trained advisors, instruction and supplies. Having lived in the area of operation all their lives they were intimately familiar with the surroundings, giving them an in-depth knowledge of the best places to commit sabotage. Enemy agents were trained in sabotage and committed sabotage as well. However, they seemed to be mainly used for the establishment, training, and governing of organized underground or guerrilla network. These forces were the ones who in turn committed the actual acts of sabotage. NKVD agents in World War II built up an extremely extensive network of Soviet partisan forces whose sabotage wreaked havoc with the Germans.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/19/2019 6:56:46 PM

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Bicycle infantry are infantry soldiers who maneuver on battlefields using military bicycles. Historically, bicycles lessened the need for horses, fuel and vehicle maintenance. Troops on bikes were able to move through rough territory faster, and could outpace a motor column. Some bikes have racks, some ammunition boxes.
The Resistance in France, and elsewhere, depended upon bicycles to move radios, arms and more. Two of the biggest problems for the resistance fighters were transportation and food, which was also was a problem for the French people in general. Food was rationed and the Germans had confiscated most of the cars. The British supplied weapons and money, but there were no food drops into France. The places where food was available, mainly in rural areas, became thriving black market centers. The Maquis traveled mostly by bicycle, although some had managed to hide a few old cars. Gasoline was not available for most French civilians; only doctors and others who needed to use a car were allowed gasoline.
The Finnish Army alternated between skis and bicycles in their successful, asymmetric war with the Red Army. Air crews on all sides relied upon bicycles to move across vast, flat airfields. Seven-time Giro King of the Mountains Gino Bartali, in his racing kit, aided the Italian Resistance by delivering messages under the pretense that he was on training rides. Chinese partisans used bicycles to make hit and run attacks on Japanese convoys.
The Danish population would prove itself adamantly anti-Nazi, as all over Copenhagen groups of resistance members and ordinary civilians worked to smuggle nearly the whole Jewish population out of Denmark to safety in Sweden. One of the many resistance cells involved was a small student group, of which a young Jargen Kieler was a member. In his memoir he tells the story of his group's swift work to round up and move out the Jews. Moving immediately, with the limited money they had accumulated, the group arranged transport with multiple fishing vessels at the docks. Then they worked to coordinate the movement of Jews in the downtown neighborhoods, using taxis and bicycles to move them to the harbor areas without notice. At the docks they would pay the shipowners and get the Jewish passengers hidden aboard. Out at sea, sometimes the fishing boats actually had to stop and do a little fishing to convince any German patrol boats that nothing unusual was happening. When out of view of the German patrols, they steamed for Swedish harbors.
Spies did have some cool gadgets that helped them with their jobs. Many of these gadgets were used to hide secret messages including hollowed out corks, fake fence spikes, and plaster logs to hide messages. Some spies had bicycle battery chargers they would use to power their radio sets.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/20/2019 6:15:49 PM

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Partisans from all countries used a variety of trucks to transport supplies and fighting units through the areas they occupied. The origin of the trucks used by the partisans was very varied. Some trucks belonged to the Axis occupation forces that, were once captured and repaired, if necessary, were left under the control of partisans. Others were requisitioned from the civilian population, and others were directly stolen.
First they needed to identify a location that allowed the Resistance fighters to hide and ideally fire down on the German columns, and as importantly, a location that would allow them to escape after a minute or so of rapid firing. They instructed their men when ambushing a column to let the leading motorcyclists pass and then fire a bazooka round into the leading vehicle to block the road. Then hidden in the woods along the road as many as a couple of hundred maquis would empty their Sten guns and rifles into the column of trucks, aiming first for the driver and the officers. And as the troops piled out of the trucks, the Maquis would empty their second magazine, and kill as many as possible knowing that careful aiming was less important than laying down a volume of fire. Then in a matter of mere minutes the officers would signal a retreat and the maquisards would disappear into the woods and head for the designated rendezvous. The selection of the ambush site obviously contributed to it its success. Even the most hardened SS soldier would think twice about going into the forest where the maquis may be lying in wait.
It was a common tactic that the Resistance fighters were then introduced on the airdrop site in order to report the location to aircraft and prepare the transport of weapons, with mules and trucks, but also around to block access to the Germans. SAS officers and agents used to be dropped into safe areas dominated by partisans. Many of the resistance actions occurred around the little villages up in the hills, and they got organized up there with the partisans and, all together, were coming down from the hills by trucks, any vehicle possible, into the suburbs of the villages. Some SAS members would lay on the top of the hill giving covering fire for these partisans to attack the town.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/21/2019 6:29:43 PM

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Because the fuel shortage it was difficult for partisans to keep many units moving with motor vehicles. However, many types of vehicles were used, some captured from the German forces themselves, others requisitioned, and some improvised to become an fighting vehicle. An improvised fighting vehicle is an ad hoc combat vehicle resulting from modified or upgraded civilian or military non-combat vehicle, often constructed and employed by civilians, rebels, guerrillas, resistance movements or other forms of non-state militias. Such modifications usually consist of grafting armor plating and weapon systems onto a vehicle.
Various militias and official militaries have improvised such vehicles ever since the introduction of the first automobiles into military service. During the early days, the absence of a doctrine for the military use of automobiles or of an industry dedicated to producing them lead to a great deal of improvisation in the creation of early armored cars and similar vehicles. Italian partisans developed a novel system of partisan warfare based on mobile units in the flatland, equipped first with bicycles, then with cars, then with trucks, and, finally, with tanks, all captured from the enemy.
An example is the Kubuś, a Polish improvised fighting vehicle used by the Home Army in the Warsaw Uprising. The single vehicle was built in secret to function as an armored car and armored personnel carrier for assaults by the Home Army. Kubuś was based on the chassis of a civilian Chevrolet 157 truck which had been license-built in pre-war Poland. The chassis was fitted with steel plates for protection of the crew, and were bolted to a steel frame and then welded together. The armored car could carry between 8 and 12 soldiers, and was armed with a Soviet-built DP-27 machine gun, underground-built K pattern flamethrower and hand grenades, in addition to personal armament of the soldiers. The construction of Kubuś was completed on August 22, taking only 13 days from the decision to build to the handing over of the vehicle to Home Army fighting units. The vehicle entered service immediately upon completion, and was attached to the "Wydra" motorized unit. The following day, together with a captured Sd.Kfz.251/3 Ausf.D, it took part in a failed assault at the main campus of Warsaw University. Perhaps the most unusual use was with the Panhard 178s took place in 1941 and 1942, when 45 vehicles, hidden from the Germans by French cavalry units following the defeat of 1940, were prepared by Resistance personnel for possible use against the Germans. These vehicles had no turrets, but these were manufactured under the nose of the Germans and fitted with 25 mm or 4,7mm guns and/or machine-guns. The armored cars were then secretly distributed throughout centers of resistance mainly in unoccupied France, where many were subsequently taken over by the German forces when they took over the unoccupied areas of France m November 1942.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/22/2019 6:47:35 PM

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Strategists in revolutionary war have always thought it was better to use partisan forces in combination with regular forces, rather than relying on the success of independent partisan actions.
Both the Soviets and many other countries always thought about the role that cavalry can play in a war of resistance against a hypothetical enemy superior in number and technology. They also emphasized on cavalry and its capacity for rapid movement and deep maneuver would help to make the own forces equal to those of possible enemies. "An especially important role will fall to horse cavalry in future operations," they said, facing another stream of opinion more dazzled by the advantages of motor vehicles, which talked of the transformation of Civil War cavalry into "a new type of arm — armored cavalry." World War II demonstrated the validity of this earlier view. Armored troops and armored cavalry played a major role in that conflict. The role of horse cavalry, even among the troops of the Soviet Union, was minimal.
Generally speaking, Russian partisan groups on the Eastern Front were formed early in 1942. At first they were mainly isolated bands of little strength, frequently dropped from aircraft, operating in rear areas well behind the German front. During the summer of 1942, however, these bands were gradually combined into more closely knit groups, put under a unified command, and continuously rein-forced. Accordingly, their operations grew in scope and impact. Partisan group activities seldom covered areas near the front except when extensive, pathless forests favored their approach. In general, the partisan groups would maneuver in the rear areas of the German armies, in woods and swamps next to highways and railroads. They avoided open territory and regions occupied by German troops, but kept the latter under surveillance. The rapid movements of partisans were often made thanks to the use of cavalry.
During large-scale enemy break-throughs, or German withdrawals, strong partisan groups frequently managed to coordinate their operations with those of Soviet cavalry, ski units, infiltrated infantry, or paratroops. Substantial German forces (usually several infantry and panzer divisions) had to be mustered in order to combat the joint enemy efforts. Prior to large-scale Russian offensives, strong bands would often migrate to the areas that the Red Army soon hoped to take.
The partisans followed the practice of avoiding open combat as much as possible. This practice was indeed the guiding rule upon which their method of warfare was based. Unusual developments at the front would immediately result in extremely lively partisan activity, essentially aimed at the disruption and destruction of railroad lines.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/23/2019 7:05:09 PM

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A horse-drawn vehicle is a mechanized piece of equipment pulled by one horse or by a team of horses. These vehicles typically had two or four wheels and were used to carry passengers and/or a load. Horses in World War II were used by the belligerent nations for transportation of troops, artillery, materiel, and, to a lesser extent, in mobile cavalry troops. A two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle is a cart (see various types below, both for carrying people and for goods). Four-wheeled vehicles have many names – one for heavy loads is called a wagon. Animal power was ubiquitous on World War II battlefields and in rear areas, with horses forming the spine of logistics for several armies. Among major combatants, the Wehrmacht was most reliant on horses for its basic transport. Horses pulled ammunition wagons; towed artillery; and hauled kitchens, food wagons, ambulances, and carts filled with German wounded. During Barbarossa, most invading Axis infantry that advanced behind the Panzers and mechanized Panzergrenadiers did so on foot, with all their supplies and many of their guns hauled by horse. Over 750,000 horses accompanied the invading Axis armies that summer. Millions more were collected from farms across occupied Europe and the western Soviet Union, thereby greatly reducing agricultural productivity. Most accompanied the Germans eastward into shared death from shellfire, bombs, cold, and starvation. The Red Army also used horses in lieu of trucks and halftracks, which it lacked until Lend-Lease trucks began to arrive in large numbers in 1943. The Russian supply lines were efficient and ran smoothly thanks to Studebaker Trucks from capitalistic America, while the Germans used slow and inefficient horse drawn carriages. In these conditions, Russian army leaders told the partisans go out now and "do what you do best." Even the U.S. Army began the war with 12 million horses—and another 4 million mules. Yugoslav partisans, Greek partisans, and all other troops fighting in mountainous areas relied on horses as pack animals. In Asia, the Japanese Army used large herds of horses extensively while fighting in China, as did opposing Guomindang and Chinese Communist armies. The Japanese even developed snow-suit camouflage for pack and cavalry horses working in winter conditions.
An example is the German horse-drawn wagon Hf1. The ubiquitous Hf 1 transport wagon was a heavy, four-wheel cart drawn by one or two horses. It weighed 650 kg empty and could carry a load of 750 kg. The wagon was generally fitted with a camouflaged, painted canvas cover. The larger Hf 2 needed a four-horse team. It weighed 1,040 kg empty and had a load capacity of 1,720 kg. Another standardized horse-drawn wagon was the Hf 7/11 with rubber-tired wheels and steel body. Other carts were used, many of them simply captured, commandeered, looted or "borrowed" from local peasants. The standardized Hf 1 and Hf 2 horse-drawn wagons remained in widespread use until 1945 for transport and heavy loads.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/24/2019 7:10:40 PM

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World War II also influenced the industrial motorcycle sector. Motorcycles were widely spread in the military and used as separate combat units. Thousands of technologists were trying to design and modify their models. The motorcycles were applied in 14 countries, taking part in WW2. They played an important role either as solo couriers or as scouts or for evacuation injured from the battlefield. There were also fighting forces, which attended infantry and tank units.
Within the most legendary motorcycle formations, the next one can be included: German, American, Japanese and Soviet. Although British WW2 motorcycles should be mentioned, because it’s well known, that the British “Triumph” was the prototype of German BMW R32.
A Poket, a very popular word among the Partisans, is a movement of emergency, when the Partisans were beset by enemy units in the area. Normally, the escape was always precipitated and directed towards a forest or place of difficult access. The Pokret came always as a sudden, unwelcome surprise. Everything movable was packed in a hurry, thrown on lorries, cars, motorcycles, carts, whatever vehicles were available. All kinds of materials were transported: hundreds of files, kitchen utensils, blankets, reserve supply of uniforms, military array, even some furniture such as desks, tables and chairs.
There is a legend about how the Soviet motorcycles appeared. They said, in 1940 the meeting of the Red Army heads was held to devise a motorcycle that would be suitable for the Red Arm. Then, one of the generals asked, what kind of aggregate have Germans chosen. It was a BMW R71. Exactly since that moment they started production of a M72 version. In fact, there were no difference between the Soviet model and its German prototype, but the Soviet one was fitted with a simple construction and an opposite low-piston engine. It gave the commuter a lower center of gravity. Its top speed wasn’t an unbelievable (80 km/h), but it had the high torque – a great advantage on a battlefield. Due to its high price, the motorcycle wasn’t widely spread and used only for elite units.
In Germany there were two motorcycle brands: BMW and Zundарр: BMW R75 and Zundapp KS750. They were well adjusted to off-roads, fitted with a side-car gear and in general, these motorcycles proved that they were great fighters. At the same time, would hardly find them at the Eastern Front, because of its high price. As the result, only the paratroops, African corps and since 1942 were armed with BMW R75 and Zundapp KS750. Other units were equipped with BMW R71.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/25/2019 6:54:41 PM

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The skiff is a small river and sea going craft. They varied from double ended rowing boats to small sailing boats. Usage of skiff is to refer to a typically small flat-bottomed open boat with a pointed bow and a flat stern originally developed as an inexpensive and easy to build boat for use by inshore fishermen.
The partisans used small rowboats, like the skiffs, to cross rivers in limited amphibious operations. The partisans' success was largely attributable to the arms and supplies parachuted to them by the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) or the Soviet Army, and to the brilliance of the intelligence networks developed by members of the Resistance in constant touch with headquarters via secret radios. The use of small boats allowed to Partisans transporting supplies by river or by the coast.
The skiff was mainly used in river crossings, but it could also be used to land on beaches which would prove critical. The most important feature for raiding parties was that the skiff was his silent if no motor was used, creating far more stealth opportunities that otherwise would not have been possible with conventional ships or landing craft.
The skiff could be paddled by the men inside the boat and could travel at speeds of up to 52.1 meters per minute with a well trained team. The realistic range of the boat varied from about 3.2 km to 4.8 km. What was perhaps most useful about the skiff was the fact that it could be transported near anywhere by a variety of craft without taking up much room.
Naval forces of the Yugoslav Partisans were formed as early as 19 September 1942, when Partisans in Dalmatia formed their first naval unit made of fishing boats, which gradually evolved (especially after the armistice between Italy and the Allies) into a force able to conduct complex amphibious operations. This event is considered to be the foundation of the Yugoslav Navy. At its peak during World War II, the Yugoslav Partisans' Navy commanded nine or 10 armed ships, 30 patrol boats, close to 200 support ships, six coastal batteries, and several Partisan detachments on the islands, around 3,000 men.
After the Italian capitulation of 8 September 1943, following the Allied invasion of Italy, the Partisans took most of the coast and all of the islands. On 26 October, the Yugoslav Partisans' Navy was organized first into four, and later into six Maritime Coastal Sectors (Pomorsko Obalni Sektor, POS). The task of the naval forces was to secure supremacy at sea, organize defense of coast and islands, and attack enemy sea traffic and forces on the islands and along the coasts.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/26/2019 7:45:43 PM

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The Soviets stress that water obstacles should be crossed from the march to preclude major halts in the offense. This doctrine includes crossing these obstacles at multiple points along a broad front to overwhelm enemy defenses. This doctrine also calls for river crossings to be made at night; however, Soviet units rarely train in night river crossings. Smoke is used extensively to mask assault crossings conducted during daylight hours. Engineer river crossing capability is found at the regimental engineer company organic to motorized rifle and tank regiments, the division engineer battalion, and special engineer battalions and regiments at front and army level.
The purpose of any river crossing is to project combat power across a water obstacle in order to accomplish a mission. A river crossing is a special operation. It re-quires specific procedures for success, because the water obstacle prevents normal ground maneuver. It also requires unique technical support and more detailed planning and control measures than normal tactical operations. The nature and size of the obstacle, the threat situation, and the available crossing assets limit the commander's options. The challenge is to minimize the river's impact on the commander's tactics. The force is vulnerable while crossing, as it must break its movement formations, concentrate at crossing points, re-form on the far shore, and reduce its movement rate to the speed of the crossing means.
The assaulting task force normally has three dismounted infantry companies of three infantry platoons each to conduct the assault. The task force may have formed company teams, but all assault companies must retain adequate dismounted infantry strength for the assault. Besides its organic infantry and armor, the assault task force has its fire-support team, its airdefense teams, and an attached combat engineer company (with the engineer platoons attached to the assault companies).
The first assault wave moves the bulk of the dismounted force across covertly. This force attempts to provide sufficient security on the far shore, so that the second and later assault waves can cross after surprise is lost. It carries the rifle platoons, attached assault engineers, forward observers, and rifle company command group.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/27/2019 6:43:31 PM

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A platoon of four ZSU-23-4s often accompanies a reinforced motorized rifle battalion operating as an advance guard of a motorized rifle regiment. During the motorized rifle battalion's march to a river, the ZSU-23-4 platoon usually moves at the rear of the forward security element. Normally, the ZSU-23-4 platoon is employed in two pairs. In some situations, only one pair may be located with the forward security element while the other pair is with the advance guard main body.
River meanders form salient and re-entrant angles along the shore. A salient on the threat shore is a desirable crossing area for two reasons. It allows friendly fires from a wide stretch of the near shore to concentrate against a small area on the far shore and limits the length of threat shore that must be cleared of direct fire and observation. Additionally, salient on the threat shore generally mean that the friendly shore banks are steeper and the water is deeper, while the threat shore tends to have shallow water and less challenging banks.
An offensive deliberate river crossing operation has four phases. They are distinct phases for planning, but there is no pause between them in execution.
Phase I: Advance to the river. The first phase is the deliberate attack to seize and secure the near shore of a water obstacle.
Phase II: Assault across the river. The second phase involves units assaulting across a water obstacle to secure a lodgement on the far shore, eliminating direct fire on the crossing sites.
Phase III: Advance from the exit bank. The third phase is the attack to seize and secure exit-bank and intermediate objectives that eliminate direct and observed indirect fire into the crossing area.
Phase IV: Secure the bridgehead line. The final phase involves units that seize and secure bridgehead objectives to protect the bridgehead against counterattack. This gains additional time and space for build up of forces for the attack out of the bridgehead.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/28/2019 7:08:59 PM

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The Germans raised 35 Briickenbau-Bataillone ( bridge-construction battalions), which were redesignated Pionier-Brficken-Bataillone (engineer bridge battalions) in late 1943. The battalion had four bridge companies, a depot company for materials, and a machinery platoon with heavy equipment. They also formed 19 Briicken-Kolonnen-Staffeln (bridge column staffs) to manage the many company-sized bridge columns transporting bridging equipment. There were also Transport Abteilungen fur Briickengerat (transport battalions for bridge equipment). The 82-man Briickenkolonne K had only four large pontoons. These were in three sections: two ends and a middle section. Other equipment included decking, bridge trestles, ramps, etc. This class of unit provided a 16-ton, 46m (152ft) bridge capable of supporting light tanks, as well as 16-ton ferries using four complete pontoons.
In service at the beginning of the war was a miscellany of fairly old equipment such as the Brückengerät C, a small wooden pontoon bridge with built-up superstructure that could be used in a variety of roles, with a maximum weight of just over five tonnes. For most of the war, however, there were two standard bridging equipment in use by the Divisions, the Brückengerät K and the Brückengerät B, the bridging columns being identified by the appropriate initial letter.
The Brückengerät K was the standard bridge of the armoured engineers. It was a box or bow girder bridge mounted on three-compartment pontoons and able to be laid in sections two, three or four girders wide. The official maximum rating was 16 tonnes load.
K pontoon and trestle equipment (Brückengerät K).—This is the standard bridge carried by engineers in the Panzer division. The pontoons are of a three-section type and the superstructure is similar to the U. S. small box-girder bridge. Bridges of two, three, and four girders can be built, the full girder length of 64 feet being normally used. The track load-carrying capacity and corresponding spans are probably equal to or greater than, the following:
4-girder, 48-foot span_____________________ 25 tons.
4-girder, 64-foot span_____________________ 21 tons.
2-girder, 32-foot span_____________________ 21 tons.
2-girder, 64-foot span______________________ 10 tons.
The bridge columns usually were part of the engineers battalions in the divisions. The structure of the battalions consisted of three companies and a bridge column and depending on the type of division were totally or partially motorized. In partially motorized battalions, the 1st and 2nd Companies were equipped with horse-drawn vehicles and the 3rd Company and bridge column were motorized.
Bridges are usually made up of a fixed section and a floating section; the fixed section supported by trestles and the floating section over half-pontoons or full pontoons depending on the type of the bridge; Ramp or causeways connected both sections. Bridges settled on firm ground were built on trestles.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/29/2019 6:58:20 PM

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Bridge columns bore a suffix letter indicating the type of equipment (Bruckengerats) they carried. The 111-man Briickenkolonne B (Bridge Column B) had two platoons, and carried 16x half-pontoons, 24x large inflatable pontoons, and 48x small inflatable boats plus 2x motor boats. They also carried bridge ramps and bridge and ferry fittings. The unit could erect 83m (274ft) of 8-ton bridging on half-pontoons, or 54m (178ft) of 16-ton bridging on full pontoons (two half-pontoons fitted end to end). Using half- and full pontoons, various combinations of 4-, 8-, and 16-ton ferries could also be built, powered with large outboard motors. A 53-man Briickenkolonne C possessed 10x light half-pontoon 16x large and 48x small inflatable boats. They were used to construct up to 84m (277ft) of 4-ton capacity bridging, or several 2- and 4-ton ferries; no outboard motors were provided for the latter. Infantry footbridges could be erected using the small inflatable boats.
The Brückengerät B was a normal pattern of pontoon bridge using a flat-bed superstructure on undecked steel pontoons and having a maximum load in excess of 20 tonnes in most of its forms. It was normally issued to Infantry and Panzer Grenadier Divisions but was sometimes allocated to armoured Divisions in addition to Brückengerät K for special tasks. A third, lighter pattern, Brückengerät D, was used by some mechanised infantry pioneer platoons in the divisional infantry Regiments. It was a pontoon and girder bridge with a maximum load of 9 tonnes. In addition, all engineer units were trained to build improvised light bridges and carried a supply of wood, etc for this purpose.
GHQ bridging units, normally allocated to Armies, had heavy structures normally with massive decked pontoons supporting wide, built-up spans. A variety was in use, the most common being the ex-Czech Herbert bridge and the BrückengerätS; both these had a distributed loading (tracked vehicles) of over 24 tonnes. The Germans used a ‘Herbert’ bridge (taken from the Czechoslovakian Army) which would support 35 tons. The description of the bridge is a little confusing. It implies if the freeboard is 12″, it will support 60 tons. The problem is the bridge takes so long to build; it cannot be used in assault actions.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 11/30/2019 6:18:46 PM

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A Barricade, from the French barrique (barrel), is any object or structure that creates a barrier or obstacle to control, block passage or force the flow of traffic in the desired direction. Adopted as a military term, a barricade denotes any improvised field fortification, such as on city streets during urban warfare.
Warsaw residents constructed Barricades with whatever was at hand – earth, paving stones, cobbles, stones, bricks from demolished buildings, tramcars, household equipment, etc. Some lasted several days, others – several weeks. There were also those that survived until the end of the uprising. Amongst them was the most famous of them all – the combined barricade and cut-through at Jerusalem Avenue. From 1943, Jerusalem Avenue had been the city’s principal east-west thoroughfare. For the German occupation forces, it was the shortest transport route to the front via the Poniatowski Bridge. Therefore, from the first days of the uprising the stretch between Nowy Świat and Marszałkowska streets was under constant German fire and was additionally controlled by tanks. Formidable enemy positions at the Main Station (the no longer existing railway station along Jerusalem Avenue between Emilii Plater and Marszałkowska streets) and the massive building of the National Economic Bank at the corner of Jerusalem Avenue and Nowy Świat made traffic along the thoroughfare impossible and effectively divided the city centre into two parts – a northern and southern section.
A double barricade made of earth-filled sacks was to have been built simultaneously on both sides of the road. The building of a passageway got under way and would be carried out in several stages. A sapper platoon was set up and they were assisted by local residents who filled bags with sand. Over the next three nights, German tanks approaching from the Main Station side destroyed the initial phases of the barricade. That was when its design was modified. A decision was made to dig a trench to a depth of 1.5 metres below the road surface. The cut-through was to shield the two-sided heaped-earth barricade, fortified with paving stones, basalt slabs and earth-filled bags. Hundreds of insurrectionists evacuated from Old Town travelled along the barricade. Liaison girls, messengers, soldiers and medical services had preferential access to the crossing. Others had to queue patiently. On both sides, access to the passageway led through tenement cellars and courtyards. Once the traffic across Jerusalem Avenue reached 3,000 people a day, to ensure order and security the commander of the uprising suspended unrestricted access. Time and again, the Germans tried to destroy the burdensome obstacle with tank fire and sent their Goliath remote-controlled tankettes in against it. After each attack, the cut-through was laboriously repaired. Ultimately, it was the insurrectionists that won the battle for the barricade. Thanks to their dedication and determination, right until the very end of the uprising not a single German vehicle was able to make it down Jerusalem Avenue.

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 12/1/2019 6:05:36 PM

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 12/2/2019 6:39:46 PM

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 12/3/2019 6:40:27 PM

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 12/4/2019 5:59:55 PM

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 12/5/2019 6:54:17 PM

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 12/6/2019 6:07:20 PM

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 12/7/2019 6:30:04 PM

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 12/8/2019 7:16:00 PM

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 12/9/2019 6:36:26 PM

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RE: Heroes and Leaders mod - 12/10/2019 6:44:39 PM

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