Local Yokel -> RE: USN lost 52 subs (2/2/2010 2:09:36 PM)
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ORIGINAL: spence ASW got short shrift in the budgets of the IJN. With absolutely no actual battle experience from WWI the IJN entered the Second World War equiped for the First World War with a theoretical doctrine that wasn't practiced much (because it didn't fit into the "Decisive Battle Tsushima Scenario" held so dear by the leadership of the IJN. In fact, Japan did have ASW battle experience from WW1 to draw upon. In April 1917 the Japanese 10th and 11th Destroyer Flotillas commenced escort operations in the Mediterranean under command of R Adm Kato Sozo. There they earned glowing testimonials for their operational efficiency. At its peak strength the Japanese Mediterranean squadron comprised 17 vessels. Kato was promoted Vice Admiral in 1920 and went into the reserve in 1923, finally retiring in 1938. However, he survived the 2nd World War, thus his experience was there to be drawn upon had the IJN seen fit to do so. If they were aware of it, the CNO's signal "Execute against Japan unrestricted air and submarine warfare" may have taken the Japanese completely by surprise, given that the order was one that was directly contrary to international treaty obligations in the form of the 1936 Submarine Protocol, to which the United States was a signatory. There are certainly indications that the Japanese assumed that the US would only employ its submarines in support of the battle fleet, as was implied by the name 'fleet submarine' given to the US vessels. Of course, this is no excuse for the absence of precautionary measures taken by the IJN pre-war - they had only to look at what the Germans had done in WW1 to see that international law could be given equally short shrift if expediency demanded it. However, the fact the the US was waging an anti-commerce campaign really didn't register as a threat until improvement in Mark 14 performance saw Japanese loss rates exceeding pre-war staff predictions. Furthermore, the cure for the Mark 14's woes in 1943 came relatively shortly before the allied counter-offensives harvested bases so much closer to Japanese traffic arteries as to yield shorter transit times and longer loiter times on station. Add to this the arrival of substantially increased numbers of submarines and you have a coincidence of factors that combined to overwhelm the Japanese defences. Arguably things might have gone better for the Japanese if the Mark 14 had worked as intended, as one might then suppose that they would have woken up to the threat in sufficient time to do something about it. Contrast the way in which Britain was able to adapt to and overcome the U-boat through having a three year period between 1940 and 1942 in which to do so before the showdown of Spring 1943 took place. Even when the Japanese set about dealing with the threat they did themselves no favours, e.g. by treating their 901st Ku, specially trained for ASW work, as an adjunct to Combined Fleet's operations with the consequence that the laboriously accumulated ASW expertise of the airmen was frittered away. I suspect that, if any details of them ever filtered down to old man Kato in his retirement, he must have been shaking his head in wonderment and despair at the shortcomings of his navy in ASW matters.
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