Roby7979
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India and Pakistan are locked in conflict over Kashmir, a majority-Muslim region in the northernmost part of India. The mountainous, 86,000-square-mile territory was once a princely state. Now, it is claimed by both sides.
The roots of this conflict lie in the countries’ shared colonial past. From the 17th to the 20th century, Britain ruled most of the Indian subcontinent. First, it ruled indirectly through the British East India Company. Then, it ruled directly from 1858 through the British crown. Over time, Britain’s power over its colony weakened and a growing nationalist movement threatened the Crown.
India and Pakistan have fought a series of wars since gaining their independence from Great Britain in 1947, largely over the Kashmir region.
After the end of British rule, British India was partitioned into India and Pakistan. This division was based on Hindu and Muslim majorities and caused mass migration for those that did not live in the majorities. Hundreds of thousands of people were killed in communal violence, resulting in an atmosphere of hostility that has remained for decades. The Jammu and Kashmir regions have been disputed since partition, with Pakistan and India both claiming ownership.
The 1st Indo-Pakistani war began following an invasion of Kashmir by armed tribesmen from Pakistan in 1947. Kashmir turned to India for military assistance and in return agreed to hand over authority in matters of defence, communication, and foreign affairs. Effectively acceding to India.
A ceasefire was arranged 1949 and a ceasefire line was established.
It would not be long until India itself would become a nuclear power and in 1974 achieved some success. Pakistan followed suit in 1998.
Analysis of the some of the most critical years:
1965:
26,000 and 33,000 soldiers from Pakistan crossed the Line of Control dressed as Kashmiri locals, headed for various areas within Kashmir. Indian forces, tipped off by the local populace, crossed the cease fire line as well on the 15th of August.
The 2nd Indo-Pakistani war was sparked by a series of clashes across the India-Pakistani border and ended in 1966 when officials from India and Pakistan signed a declaration affirming their commitment to peace.
1971:
When India and Pakistan became their own countries, Pakistan was split into two parts – East Pakistan and West Pakistan.
The third Indo-Pakistani war took place when Pakistan erupted into civil war, pitting West Pakistan against East Pakistan, who demanded independence.
Millions of east Pakistanis fled to India, and the West Pakistani army quickly surrendered. East Pakistan earned independence on Dec. 6, 1971 and changed its name to Bangladesh.
1974:
India successfully tested its first nuclear weapon, code named (Operation Smiling Buddha). The test took place at the army base Pokhran Test Range, close to its border with Pakistan.
1989:
India called for Pakistan to end cross-border terrorism. Since 1989, several new radical Islamist groups have emerged, shifting the movement from a nationalistic and secularist one to an Islamic one. The insurgency has continued until the present day.
1998:
India and Pakistan both conducted nuclear tests. India’s underground nuclear test was conducted near its border with Pakistan. In response, Pakistan conducted six additional tests.
1999:
After nearly 30 years, India launched air strikes against Pakistani-backed forces that had entered Indian-administered Kashmir.
As fighting intensified toward a direct conflict between the two nuclear states, Pakistan’s troops were put on high alert.
2001:
Five armed terrorists entered the Indian Parliament building and opened fire, killing nine people.
India blamed Pakistani-backed Kashmiri militants for the attack, which led to a massive build-up of troops along with Indo-Pakistani border.
2007:
Blasts in two coaches belonging to the Samjhauta Express train killed 68 people, most of them Pakistani nationals.
The train was created in 1994 as a goodwill measure to help families who were separated during the 1947 India-Pakistan partition. This came at a time when relations were improving between India and Pakistan.
2008:
Ten Pakistani men associated with the terror group Lashkar-e-Tayyiba stormed various buildings in Mumbai and killed 164 people. Only one of the 10 gunmen survived, and he was executed.
2019:
A Pakistani terrorist group called Jaish-e-Mohammed carried out a suicide car bomb attack in Indian-controlled Kashmir which resulted in the deaths of over 40 members of India’s paramilitary forces.
India retaliated with air strikes across the Line of Control and in return Pakistan shot down an Indian aircraft and captured a pilot. These actions significantly increased tensions between the two nuclear states but two days later, the Indian pilot was released, and tensions abated.
2020–2021:
India–Pakistan border skirmishes occurred. They were a series of armed clashes between India and Pakistan along the de facto border in the disputed region of Kashmir. The standoff began when a major exchange of gunfire and shelling erupted between Indian and Pakistani troops in November 2020 along the Line of Control.
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India and Pakistan: Their history of conflict - 
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