Culiacan Mexico
Posts: 8348
Joined: 11/10/2000 From: Bad Windsheim Germany Status: offline
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quote:
ORIGINAL: WiTP_Dude The more I think about, the more it doesn't make sense to give either side upgradable aircraft with no limitations. How do you know beforehand which models will work out and which won't? What? Before large scale production begins the aircraft are prototyped and then produced in modest quantities for field testing. Only once field testing is completed is large scale production started. Are you suggesting that after more than two years of developing a prototype and extensive combat field testing they didn’t know what the aircraft performance was? Ki- 44 Shortly after Nakajima proceeded with designing the Ki-43, the Army gave them a new specification for a pure interceptor fighter. It was a radical departure from previous Japanese standards, with maneuverability being downplayed and speed and rate of climb being emphasized. The criteria called for a climb to 13,125 ft. in less than 5 minutes, and a speed at that altitude of 373 mph. The interceptor’s armament was to be two 7.7mm and two 12.7mm machine guns. Prototype The first prototype, #4401, first flew in August 1940 at Ojima Airfield, Ota. It was quickly followed by two more, #’s 4402 and 4403. Generally, the aircraft displayed satisfactory handling characteristics when airborne, but there were problems. When on the ground, in a three-point attitude, pilot forward vision was restricted by the immense engine, although visibility in the air was deemed excellent. The landing-speed was awfully high by previous Japanese standards, due to the high wing loading. But performance trials were quite disappointing: the aircraft, with a loaded weight of 5,622 lb., had a top speed of only 342 mph-8.3% below the specification-and the climb rate to 16,405 ft. was only 5 minutes 54 seconds. Nakajima was very concerned; here was their interceptor failing to meet the Army’s requirements, and at the same time, the Ki-43 was having problems, too. Working furiously, Nakajima reduced the new fighter’s parasite drag. The engine mount’s rigidity was increased, the supercharger’s intake shape and frontal area was modified six times, and the cowling flaps were modified, as well. But even after these modifications, speed was only increased to 354 mph, even with removal of the armament. So the firewall was modified to improve the engine cooling, allowing the five cooling vents mounted on both sides of the forward fuselage, behind the cooling gills, to be dispensed with. Finally, sealing these vents seemed to do the trick; the aircraft now exceeded the speed requirement by a comfortable margin, the new speed being 389 mph. It was estimated, based on these results and on weight calculations, that production examples would reach 360 mph. The Japanese Army decided it was satisfied. Field Testing Seven pre-production aircraft (#’s 4404 to 4410) were built embodying all the modifications, the last being delivered in September 1941. Additional changes were in the canopy (a two-piece type like that of the Ki-43 being substituted for the three-piece version), the radio antenna (this was moved to a position forward and to starboard of the cockpit), the rudder (which was slightly changed in shape) and the drop-tank fittings (two tanks, of 28.6 gallons capacity, being carried under the wing just behind the landing gear). These pre-production machines were armed like the first prototypes-two 7.7mm machine guns in the forward fuselage, and a single 12.7mm machine gun in each wing. These seven planes, plus the second and third prototypes (which were brought up to the later standards), were sent to China for service testing late in September with an experimental squadron, the Kawasemi Butai. In May of the next year, it was redesignated the 47th Independent Squadron. Finally, in September 1942, the new fighter was formally accepted by the JAAF, and was named the Army Type 2 Single-seat Fighter Model 1, or Ki-44-I. The formal nickname Shoki was applied at the same time. Ki-44: Prototype and pre-production aircraft. Ki-44-Ia: Initial production version. Ki-44-Ib: As Ia but with revised armaments. Ki-44-Ic: As Ib but with revised mainwheel fairing. Ki-44-II: Prototype & pre-production version. Ki-44-IIa: Initial Ki-44-II production version. Ki-44-IIb: Major production version. Ki-44-IIc: Production version. Ki-44-IIIa: Production version with new powerplant. Ki-44-IIIb: Final production version. Production levels: Ki-44: 10 aircraft Ki-44-I (a,b&c): 40 aircraft Ki-44-II: 8 aircraft Ki-44-II & III (all variants): 1,167
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